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Chapters 53 + 54 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Density = # individuals per unit area/volume
        
        mark-recapture method used to estimate wildlife pop. size
        
        pop. size (N) = sn/x
        
        Immigration = influx of individuals from other areas
        
        Emigration = movement of individuals out of population
      - Dispersion = spacing of individuals within pop. boundaries
        
        Patterns
        
        Uniform = individuals evenly spaced
        
        Common in territorial animals
        
        Random = no pattern to dispersion
        
        clumped = individuals gather in patches
      - Demography = study of biotic + abiotic factors that affect pop.
        
        survivorship curve = plot of proportion of #s in cohort alive at each age
        
        Focus on # of breeding females
        
        Life table = summarizes survival/reproductive rates of specific age groups in pop.
        
        cohort = group of individuals of same age
  - - - exponential growth equatio: dN/dt = rN
        
        r = intrinsic rate of increase
        
        N = # individuals in pop.
  - - - Carrying capacity (K) = max supportable pop. size
        
        logistic growth equation: dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K
  - - - semelparous = reproduce once and die
      - iteroparous = produce offspring repeatedly
      - 2 life history patterns
        
        R selection
        
        K selection
  - - - death rates rise + birth rates fall w/ increasing density
    - - birth/death rate not influenced by density
  - - - one measure of closeness to carrying capacity
- - - - intermediate disturbance hypothesis = moderate levels of disturbance foster higher diversity
      - ecological succession = sequence of community + ecosystem changes after disturbance
        
        primary succession = occurs in lifeless areas
        
        secondary succession = occurs after disturbance has removed most organisms in community
  - - - more diverse communities produce more biomass
    - - food chains link trophic levels
      - food webs = branching food chains + complex trophic interactions
        
        bottom up control = each trophic level limited by nutrient supply or food availability
        
        top down control = trophic levels controlled by abundance of consumers at higher levels
    - - foundation species = provide food or habitat
      - keystone species = vital to community structure
      - ecosystem engineers = effect physical environment
  - - - zoonotic pathogens = transferred form other animals to humans
        
        cause most emerging human diseases
  - - - types
        
        exploitation
        
        positive interactions
        
        mutualis
        
        commensalism
        
        competition
        
        competitive exclusion = 2 species who compete for same resources cant coexist in same place
        
        resource partitioning = differentiation of niches, enables species to coexist