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english language :explode: - Coggle Diagram
english language :explode:
old english
:pen:
old english developed from germanic dialects of the invaders, which varied according to where the different tribes settled
many of the basic grammatical words (was, in, the) and mant everyday nouns and verbs are derived from this period.
Beowulf is an example of an old english text
11th century, England had a Danish king, Canute. As both languages had a common germanic base, there was lots of similarities so the Danes and Anglo-Saxons could understand eachother easily. The 2 langugaes became blended together.
Middle english
:pencil2:
11th-14th century
1066: the Normans invaded, led by William the conqueror
following the inavsion,, there was french speaking power base, the court, the church and major land owners, were all french speaking
this period also saw the beginning of a major change in english prononunciation: the great vowel shift
the printing press: 1475 Caxton - enabled some standardisation of English. There was no widespread standard form of spelling nor punctuation. Printing justified time taken in books.
Chancery standard was a written form of english used by the government bureacuarcy and for other offical purposes from the late 14th century.
early modern english
:fountain_pen:
Many latin texts were translated to english
there was a gradual acceptance of a standard form of English, made necessary by the increasing spread of printed materials.
During the EME period more words entered the language than ever before
This was the age of Shakespeare - a great coiner of words
Modern English
:unlock:
this search for a standard, pure form of English
Attempts to define the vocabulary and grammar led English to the establishments of prescriptive ideas about correctness
‘samuel johnsons dictionary :star: 1755
robert lowth: oxford proffesor of poetry, 1762 he published, "a short introduction to english grammar" which outlined correct forms of grammar.
rules Lowth created: no double negatives, a sentence should not end with a preposition, "whom" should be used- not "who"
present day english
:silhouettes:
19th and 20th century, the notion of recieved pronunciation emerged.
Social media started to impact language
Why language changes
:question:
blurring of class structure - less extremes
celebrity culture
education - better quality, equal rights
new technology- new inventions
rise of youth culture
immigration
trending words
Theories
:!:
Hocket: Random Fluctuation theory:
suggests that change is less logical, language change is unpredictatable and completely random.
Bailey: the wave model theory
:
Like throwing a stone in a lake, the word/accent used in the epicentrte of an area is stronger then fades out , like ripples. TRUDGILL H DROPPING REBUKES THIS!
Chen and Bailey: S-Curve model
new word begins with a small fluctuation then settles as it is incorprated into our language.
Aitchinson's metaphors
Damp Spoon
- prescriptivists believe language is lazy
Crumbling castle
- english is like a castle that needs preserved, however aitchinson believed its wrong as we cant identify if english ever had a peak
infectious disease
- language spreads like a disease but this is disproven as you also have to choose to pick up the words , its a choice.