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Asia-Pacific World - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eg. katana
  - - - The formation of Portugal's maritime era
        
        The east
      - The Spanish expedition to mainland Mexico and surrounding lands
        
        Want to connect silver enterprises
        
        Want to connect China across the globe
        
        Porcelain
        
        Took Cebu and Maynilad
        
        Had a considerable Chinese population for the purpose of goods and trade
        
        Goods travelled through Maynilad
  - - - Linked with Spain
    - - Jesuit and port and fortified town
    - - Spanish decree defining Royal Audiencia of Manila
        
        Established them as governed by Spaniards
  - - - 'Silks brought from China and the Philippines Islands to your realm are quite worthless but that nevertheless, because of the low price set upon the, they are sold and distributed ... It has seemed best to discontinue this trade with the Philippines Islands and China'
    - - Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, Dr Antonio de Morga, 1609
        
        'China is overpopulated, and the wages and profits are small, whatever profit or gain is obtained by them in the Philipine Islands give them considerable pleasure'
  - - - Sophisticated administrative structure
      - Track goods and merchants
    - - Isolationist policy, 1400s-1500s
      - Hajin --> end to private trade
      - Appears to have sparked more piracy
  - - - Keep diversity of staples and rice-based diet
    - - Teas, rice, and fruits
      - Farmers - cash crops of maize and potatoes
        
        Fodder for livestock
    - - More times to study classics, art, and refinements
      - More sons to the examinations system
  - - - Imperial workshops Nanjing and Suzhou
    - - Dyes used included so called 'Spanish red', a rich red made from crushed insects bodies that grown cacti in the Americas
- - - - 1758-71
        
        Went to Tahiti to chart the transit of Venus
        
        Important to charting of longitude
      - 1772-75
      - 1776-79
    - - Fuelled European imagination about the Pacific
    - - 'Murder' by 'natives' was symbolic of European loss of control
      - Debating Cook's death
        
        Cook as a humanitarian
        
        killed trying to stop marines firing
        
        Standard British imperial myth making
        
        Victim of violent 'savages'
        
        Cook as a Hawaiian deity (c20th)
        
        Assumption that the Hawaiian natives saw Cook as the return of the god Loni and was thus sacrificed
        
        Cook as a belligerent coloniser
        
        Just retribution of Hawaiians
        
        Anti-colonial response to violence
        
        His killing was an act against colonialism
        
        Cook as a European, not a Hawaiian god
        
        Emphasis on European rather than 'native' mythology
  - - - Director of Royal Gardens at Kew from 1773
      - President of the Royal Society from 1778
    - - Discovery and categorisation of the natural world
      - Key promoter of Pacific voyages and colonialism of Australia
      - Leader of African Association promoting exploration
    - - First Polynesian to visit Britain, travelling back to England with Banks
      - Frome Tahiti
      - Visited London, 1774-76
    - - The ship which facilitated an enlightenment culture of mapping and bringing the Pacific world into the European worldview
  - - - Cloud movement; migratory birds; stars; sun; wave smells
        
        A science different to European cosmology
      - Not a static knowledge
      - Modes of navigation was broadly the same
      - Boats (amazed Europeans)
        
        Could carry hundreds of people
        
        Forged an interconnected world
      - Across vast oceans
      - Complex and mobile world
        
        Extending beyond a colonial perspective / a world which does not follow these boundaries
    - - third genders are very common and can help us reiterate tight we cannot presume Polynesian ways of thinking through our own
      - Third genders challenged the Christian/ western cis-gendered binary framework
      - Alternative to western trans-politics
- - - - Important in our understanding of the making of this early modern world through to the modern world
      - Understanding of economic development rests on set ideas about consumption and technology in the early modern world
    - - Consumer culture of early modern China raises questions about why Europe and North America take head later on in economic and technological developments
      - Leads us to the concept of the Great Divergence
  - - - Holds that the superiority of European civilisation allowed Europe to develop the preconditions for the Industrial Revolution
        
        Moved it onto a trajectory of sustained and accelerated growth
      - In these accounts, non-Western countries d not experience an Industrial Revolution due to either...
        
        Their civilisations
        
        They are being held back by political factors like imperialism
        
        Religious factors like Confucianism
    - - Earlier forms of Chinese porcelain were traded in Europe as early as c9th
      - But one of the reasons for the decline of the Ming dynasty was the consumption of goods consumed by elites who were subsequently distracted from defending the state
    - - Argues that until 1800, parts of China had living standards similar to parts of Western Europe
        
        Not all of China, but the most developed parts
      - Challenges the traditional narrative
        
        It was not because the Industrial Revolution did not happen, or because imperialism was not an exploitative system, but because traditional narratives assume that living standards were already different in 1800, indicating that China was on a different developmental trajectory
        
        Role of imperialism
        
        Not that it prevents development in parts of the world
        
        Rather, focuses on the impact is has on deindustrialising parts of the world which were previously quite developed
      - Evidence
        
        Based on factors such as the consumption of porcelain
        
        Material evidence
        
        Life expectancy
        
        China
        
        Lineage records (chronicles of the family - better done the males of the family due to the state's interest in military service obligation)
        
        Comparing England in 1751 (life expectancy of 36.6) with Guangdong in 1749 (life expectancy of 37) --> life expectancy is broadly similar
        
        Sugar consumption levels
        
        Suggest that certain parts of China was at least at the level of certain parts of Europe
        
        China, 1750 --> consumption of 3.8-5 pounds per capita
        
        England, 1750 --> 10 pounds per capita
        
        Sugar figures are higher on average in Europe (same goes for tea)
        
        Comparison of cloth output and consumption
        
        China was producing less than the UK, but more than Germany during this period
        
        BUT fragmentation of the data
  - - - A fundamental redeployment of resources away from agriculture Matthias (1669)
      - Relies heavily on the framework of modernisation theory
        
        Developed in the USA
        
        Need for certain preconditions in order to develop economically
        
        This framework does not even work for all of Western Europe
        
        Proposed what they call an 'Industrial Revolution' instead De Vries (1997)
      - Rostow
        
        Traditional society
        
        Preconditions for take-off
        
        Take-off
        
        Drive to maturity
        
        High mass consumption
  - - - Leisure time declines at the utility of monetary income rises
        
        Can do more with your money and buy more
        
        Makes it more attractive to work
        
        Impact of the reformation which allocated 40 extra work days
      - Labour focus shift from goods and services to marketable goods
      - Household-based resources reallocation increases both the supply of marketed commodities and labour and the demand for market-supplied goods
      - Accordingly, the relationship between individuals, families, and market changes
    - - Why did China not develop in the same way?
        
        Demographic pressure
        
        Environmental disasters
        
        Internal and external warfare
        
        Coal and colonies
        
        Britain benefited from a fortuitous geographical accident
        
        Location of coal deposits relative to centres of economic activity
        
        Britain was also able to specialise in manufacturing because it imported primary products from its colonies in the New World
        
        China's colonies were not for economic use
      - Pomeranz's argument relies on coal and colonies
        
        Other explanations
        
        Cultural factors
        
        China did not have the same institutions
        
        BUT this argument comes under scrutiny
        
        Joseph Needham: the Needham Puzzle
        
        Focused on science
        
        Absence of scientific institutions, such as technical colleges
        
        Imperialism
    - - His evidence is only somewhat reliable and complete
      - Looking beyond East Asia
        
        South Asia
        
        South Asian textiles sector
        
        How did this develop with the impact of western imports?
      - When did the Great Divergence begin?
        
        Before 1800 - according to Pomeranz
        
        May be probably to have began a century before
- - - - In particular China and the Qing Dynasty
    - - Inherited a new unformed dynasty in the collapse of the previous Ming dynasty
        
        Impressed his uniform rule in a particular way
        
        Suppressed Taiwanese rebellions
        
        Managed to maintain and expand the border against the Mogols in the north
        
        Doubled China's territory and tripled population
        
        Commercialisation
        
        Rise of market town
        
        Driven by both popular productions (eg. porcelain and silk) and local expansion of consumption
      - Oversaw a cultural renewal of Confucianism
        
        Accepts these cultural gifts by integrating them into his framework
    - - Time of rapid population growth
      - Rapid urbanisation
    - - Eg. activity of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders
      - Japanese policy
        
        At first interested by these new traders and religion
        
        Later Japanese rulers become concerned by those whom infringed on internal policies
        
        Resulted in regulated contact
    - - Help to outline the overlapping patterns of control in the region
        
        Originally home to Aboriginese people - Austronesian people
        
        Few hundred years later, colonies had transformed the region
        
        European colonial powers
        
        Mountainous
        
        Particularly in the far east
        
        Fertile facing the Chinese mainland
        
        Popular among Dutch pirates
        
        Women cultivated the land, while men were kept separate in long houses where they would foster hunting and war skills
        
        House of merchants
        
        Ming court broke off direct contact with Japan, but let Dutch and Chinese traders still use Japan as a meeting spot with Japanese merchants
        
        The Dutch turned to China and encouraged Chinese immigrants to come to Taiwan
        
        Offered tax breaks and free land
        
        In order to set up a colony separate from the Aboriginals and to act as farmers for them
        
        Threat from the Japanese
        
        Japanese were upset with Dutch restrictions on trade
        
        Dutch domination for a time
      - Koxinga conflict with Dutch traders, 1661
        
        Invasion of China by the Dutch Chinese settlers being sent back to the mainland
        
        The Dutch sent in a rush ships to slow the invasion of 'their' Taiwan
        
        Failed
        
        1662-1663
        
        Over the next 20 years, the Chinese emperor consolidated the presence of Chinese colonists (without Dutch rule) on the mainland
  - - - Rather, see them as communities dotted across and connected by active cultures
    - - 'There was a large world in which peoples and cultures moved and mingled'
      - Islands and those on them are at home in the ocean
      - Oceania was a home to many
    - - Self-reliance
      - Enrichment through trade
        
        Most generally true of Pacific Islanders
    - - Need to separate understanding of time
      - Oral histories are most common in conveying this regions' history
      - Archeology
    - - Much of what we know about this region comes from very late in the period
        
        Voyages of James Cook (1768-1779)
      - What we know depends widely on a collaboration
      - Interest in the spread of Christianity