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Basic Principles of Pharmacology, Medinna Rasha - 2506557816 - Coggle…
Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Drug Definition & Disciplines
Drug (WHO):→ Substance used to modify physiological/pathological states
Disciplines
Pharmacology → effects on body
Pharmacokinetics → ADME (what body does to drug)
Pharmacodynamics → mechanism & effects
Pharmacy → preparation & dispensing
Therapeutics → treatment use
Chemotherapy → infections/cancer
Toxicology → poisons & adverse effects
Clinical pharmacology → human studies
Drug Labels (Market Types)
Prescription (Rx):→ Needs doctor→ e.g. amoxicillin, morphine
OTC:→ No prescription→ e.g. ibuprofen, antacids
Generic:→ Same content, cheaper→ e.g. paracetamol
Brand-name:→ Company name, expensive→ e.g. Panadol
Pharmacology Terms
Core:
Receptor → drug binding site
Agonist → activates
Antagonist → blocks
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption → enters blood
Distribution → to tissues
Metabolism → breakdown (liver)
Excretion → removal
Other:
Bioavailability → drug reaching circulation
Half-life → ↓50% concentration
Therapeutic index → safety margin
Dose-response → dose vs effect
Adverse Effects & Drug Interactions
Adverse effects:
Side effects → predictable
Toxic → overdose
Allergic → immune reaction
Idiosyncratic → genetic/unusual
Teratogenic → fetal defects
Carcinogenic → cancer risk
Drug interaction:→ Drug effect altered by another substance
Pharmacodynamic → same receptor/system
Pharmacokinetic → affects ADME
Dosage Forms
Solid: tablets, capsules
Liquid: syrups, suspensions
Parenteral: IV, IM, SC
Topical: creams, ointments
Transdermal: patches
Inhalational: inhalers
Sublingual/Buccal: under tongue
Rectal/Vaginal: suppositories
→ Used for therapy, prophylaxis, diagnosis
Routes of Administration
Enteral:
Oral
Sublingual/buccal
Rectal
Parenteral:
IV (fastest)
IM
SC
Others:
Inhalational
Topical
Transdermal
Principles of Drug Selection
Accurate diagnosis
Efficacy (works)
Safety (low risk)
Patient factors (age, weight, disease, genetics)
Cost & availability
Dosage form & convenience
Drug interactions
Compliance (adherence)
Guidelines (evidence-based)
Severity/urgency
Factors Influencing Drug Effects
Before administration:
Patient: age, weight, genetics, disease
Drug: dose, form, route, interactions
Prescribing: accuracy, compliance, timing
After administration:
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
Pharmacodynamics: receptor response, tolerance
External factors: diet, lifestyle, environment, placebo
Medinna Rasha - 2506557816