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Week 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Personal feelings about skydiving can lead to differing risk assessments between individuals
      - Can lead to irrational DM if not recognised
      - Affects heuristic suggests that gut feelings can guide judgements about risk and value
      - Understanding biases can improve DM strategies
      - Can sig impact how individuals evaluate options
      - Emphasises need for awareness of potential biases in evaluation
    - - Can result in sig misjudgements
      - Leads individuals to judge frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind
      - People often overestimate danger of sharks due to media while understimating risks posed by snails
      - Can lead to poor DM in risk assessment and public perception
      - Recognising limitations can help mitigate its effects
      - Underscores importance of accurate info dissemination
    - - Ppts estimating product of 1 x 2 x 3 vs 8 x 7 x 6 show different mean estimates due to anchoring effects
      - Can be applied in various contexts, including pricing and DM scenarios
      - Insufficient adjustments can lead to biased outcomes, as seen in numerical estimation tasks
      - Can help in designing better DM frameworks
      - Anchoring involves starting with an initial value and making adjustments based on the anchor
      - Highlights importance of intiial info presented to individuals
  - - - Examining fewer attributes means focusing on the most critical factors rather than all possible info
      - Simplifying the search for info can alleviate cog load and enhance DM efficiency
      - Simplifying weights involves treating all attributes as equally important, which can lead to quicker decisions
      - Particularly useful in environments where choices are abundant and overwhelming
      - Reducing amount of info integrated into the decision can streamline the process
    - - Understanding balance between effort and accuracy is crucial for effective DM
      - Importance of context and design in DM will be emphasised
      - Environments designed to facilitate beterr choices
      - Reflect on own DM processes and biases
      - How to effectively reduce effort in DM without sacrificing accuracy
  - - - If the goal is to reduce sedentary behav, interventions should focus on moments when individuals decide to sit or stand
      - Underscores importance of timing in behavioural interventions and choice architecture
      - Identifying this moment is essential for effective interveniton, as it allows for targeted approaches to influence behaviour
      - Refers to the critical point at which a decision is made, marking the transition from intention to action
    - - Highlights discrepancy between what individuals plan to do and what they actually do
      - Understanding this is crucial for developing strategies that help individuals align their actions with their stated preferences
      - A person may intend to exercise regularly but may not follow through due to various barriers
      - Interventions can be designed to bridge this gap by addressing barriers that prevent individuals from acting on their intentions
  - - - Intuitive DM is quick and relies on immediate feelings or impressions
      - Analytical approaches involve systematic eval of options, often leading to more accurate outcomes
      - Choosing a coffee shop based on gut feelings vs using a rule
      - Trade-off between speed and accuracy is a key consideration in DM strategies
      - Cog biases are more prevalent in intuitive decisions, while analytical methods aim to mitigate these biases
    - - Non-compensatory strategies impose strict criteria that cannot be overridden
      - Importance weighting involves evaluating options based on how critical each attribute is to the decision
      - Compensatory strategies allow trade-offs between different attributes
      - Value analysis is a more complex form of DM that often requires expert consultation
      - Understanding these strategies helps in making more informed and rational choices
  - - - Suggests that undertanding lower-level actions can inform higher-level DM processes
      - Process of making coffee can be dissected into multiple steps which can be further analysed for intervention opportunities
      - Taking a lift can be broken down into walking to the lift, entering and exiting, each with its own set of actions
      - Allows researchers to pinpoint where interventions can be most effective in changing behaviour
      - Actions can be decomposed into subcomponents, allowing for detailed analysis of behaviour
    - - Decision to take the lift may be driven by higher goal of arriving on time, rather than the act of simply using the lift
      - When higher-level goals cannot be achieved, individuals may revent to lower-level actions, which can lead to changes in behav
      - Refers to the highest-level goal that influences our actions
      - Can help in designing interventions that align with individuals' dominant identities, making them more effective
      - In office settings, the identity of getting work done can lead to adoption of standing desks, as focus shifts to productivty
  - - - Different frame can lead to diff approaches; viewing Brexit as a divorce emphasises complexity & emotional weight
      - Changing frame can alter DM strategies, highlighting importance of context in choices
      - Brexit example illustrates that framing can simplify complex issues, making them seem easier than they are
      - Researchers argue taht framing affects cog biases and the way info is processed
      - Referes to how a problem or decision is presented, which can sig influence perceptions and outcomes
    - - Adaptive rationality suggests that DM strategies vary based on context and importance of the choice
      - Intuitive decisions rely on gut feelinsg, while rule-based decisions require more cog effort and analysis
      - Depth of info gathering is influenced by perceived effort required for the decision
      - Cog biases, such as confirmation bias, can affect the info considered during DM
      - After framing, next step is gathering info to make informed decisions
  - - - Situational changes, such as availability, can lead to different outcomes than initially intended
      - Reluctance to revert to a previous choice can complicate the DM process, especially in significant life choices
      - Model acknowledges that while individuals may have a stated preference, external factors influence final actions
    - - Investigating psych mechanisms behind crossing the Rubicon phenomenon could provide deeper insights into commitment and behaviour change
      - Longitudinal studies could assess long-term effects of strategically placed interventions on behaviour patterns
      - Explore how different types of interventions affect DM across various contexts
    - - Understanding psych commitment involved in DM can help in designing more effective health-related interventions
      - Rubicon model can be applied to various contexts beyond physical activity, such as dietary choices and lifestyle changes
      - Should be placed at the point of DM to maximise their impact on behaviour change
  - - - DM can be improved by considering multiple perspectives and gathering diverse info
      - Techniques such as pros and cons lists, decision trees and scenario analysis can aid in evaluating options
      - Understanding context & potential outcomes is crucial for making informed decisions
      - Role of emotions and cog biases should be acknowledged, as they can influence decision outcomes
      - Various strategies to enhance DM, including analytical thinking and intuitive judgement
      - Continuous reflection on past decisions can provide insights for future choices
    - - Interplay between choice and habit can complicate DM processes, leading to automatic behaviours
      - Understanding the context helps in identifying the most relevant factors influencing a decision
      - Recognising limitations of choices is essential, as some decisions may considered by external circumstances
      - Case studies, such as decisions made during crises, highlight importance context in shaping choices
      - Plays a sig role in shaping decisions; it includes environmental, social and personal factors
      - Analysing context can lead to more effective DM strategies
  - - - At time 2, motivational posters were placed inside lift to see if they influence behaviour at point of decision making
      - Final placement was between stairs and lift, which was found to be the most effective location
      - Began with a baseline observation to see how many people used the lift vs stairs without any intervention
    - - Interventions should be strategically placed to maximise their effectiveness at the moment of DM
      - Concept of crossing the Rubicon is introduced to explain psychological commitment to a decision once its made
      - Placing motivational prompts at point of choice had a stronger positiev impact on stair use
    - - Placement of motivational prompts is crucial; placing inside the lift may not be effective as it occurs after decision
      - Researchers observed behaviour in uni buildings using time series design to assess effectivness of diff placements
      - Intervention is designed to influence behaviour regarding the choice between usins stairs or lift
  - - - Direct framing includes discussing outcomes in terms of losses or gains, which can alter DM behaviour
      - Framing of political events illustrate how diff perspectives can lead to varied interpretations and reactions
      - Mental structures created by individuals or provided by environment influence how options are perceived
      - Understanding framing is essential for analysing how deicisions are influenced by context and presentation
      - Refers to the way info is presented, which can sig affect decision outcomes
      - Implications of framing extend beyond individual choices to societal and political DM
    - - In health-related decisions, framing can influence whether individuals choose to engage in healthy behaviours or not
      - Marketing strategies often utilise framing to persuade consumers, highlighting certain features while downplaying others
      - Difference in framing affected public perception and emotional responses of citizens
      - Impact can be seen in various domains; finance, health and social issues
      - Brexit serves as a case study; UK government framed it as straightforward exit, while EU framed it as divorce
      - Analysing these examples helps to understand broader implications of framing in DM
  - - - Crossing the Rubicon - psychological commitment to the decision, where one begins to act on their choice
      - Reaction stage - immediate response to the decision
      - Choice stage - moment of DM
      - Action stage - execution of the decision
    - - Illustrates that even small decisions can have sig psych implications regarding commitment and intention
      - Example of choosing hot choc highlights how stated preferences may not always align with actual actions due to situational changes
      - Different choices have varying temporal durations; some decisions are made quickly while others take longer
    - - The choice stage is where the decision is made, such as whether to take the lift or the stairs
      - Crossing the Rubicon signifies the psych commitment to the decision, after which it becomes harder to revert
      - Describes a sequential process of DM that consists of 4 stages; choice, crossing the Rubicon, reaction and action
  - - - Representation of decisions is crucial; it involves recognising when a decision is made and how it's perceived by others
      - Complexity of choices often requires a deeper analysis beyond simple binary options, considering multi criteria & preferences
      - Choices can be influenced by external factors, such as societal norms, personal experiences and environmental cues
      - Examples of DM in everday, such as choosing a car, highlight the various factors that influence our choices
      - Involve understanding how decisions are made, including the strategies and approaches individuals take
      - Interplay between conscious DM and habitual behaviour is essential for understanding overall decision processes
    - - This selective attention can lead to preference reversals, where choices differ based on info considered
      - In a gambling scenario, individuals may anchor their decisions on the probability of winning rather than expected value of gamble
      - However, individuals may choose to focus on limited info rather than integrating all relevant data
      - Simplification can lead to diff outcomes in DM contexts, such as bidding or pricing
      - DM often involves evaluaing expected values based on available info
      - Concept of response mode compatibility suggests that the context influences which info is prioritised
    - - Framing involves creating mental structures that guide out understanding and approach to decisions
      - The way options are presented can alter perceptions; framing a choice in terms of gains vs losses can lead to diff outcomes
      - Russo & Shoemaker proposed a 4-step DM process; framing, info search, eval of alternatives and choice
      - Political decisions, such as Brexit, demonstrate how framing can influence public perception and behaviour
      - DM isn't just about choosing between 2 options; it involves understanding underlying factors influencing choices
      - Understanding these frameworks helps in analysing how decisions are made in various contexts
    - - When estimating products of numbers, people may provide diff estimates based on initial numbers presented
      - Affects heuristic indicates that emotional responses can influence judgements about options, such as risk assessment
      - Anchoring is a common heuristic where individuals start with an initial value and adjust insufficiently, leading to biased estimates
      - Personal feelings about activities can skew perceived risk levels
      - Mental shortcuts that simplify DM processes
      - Availability heuristic suggest that people judge the frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind, often leading to misjudgements
    - - Context of a decision can change its nature; health-related choices may differ based on individual circumstances
      - Decisions are not always conscious; habits can play a sig role in our choices, often leading to automatic behaviours
      - Personal decisions often reflect broader societal behaviours and norms, influencing how choices are perceived
      - Framing of a decision can sig impact how it is approached and understood by individuals
      - Can range from simple choices (A v B) to complex scenarios involving multiple factors
      - Real-world examples, such as choices made during COVID, illustrate the complexity of DM
    - - Choosing a berry-laden forest based on past experiences can be a practical heuristic
      - In modern contexts, reliance on memory cues may lead to inappropriate decisions
      - Simplifications in DM can be beneficial in certain situations, such as survival scenarios in early human history
      - Media's portrayal of risks can distort public perception, as seen in the shark vs snail example
      - Contextual factors can sig influence DM processes and outcomes
      - Understanding when decisions are made is crucial, as it can affect the effectiveness of interventions
  - - - Highlights importance of recognising that intentions do not always align with outcomes, creating an intention-behaviour gap
      - A consumer may intend to buy a healthy drink but ends up purchasing a sugary drink due to marketing or peer influence
      - External factors, such as distractions, can influence our final actions, leading to a divergence from our initial intentions
      - Understanding gap can help in designing interventions that align intentions with actions
      - Distinction between what we intend to do and what we actually do is crucial in understanding DM processes
    - - Variability emphasises subjective nature of DM and importance of context in understanding choices
      - Identifying different starting points can help tailor interventions to specfic behaviours
      - One person may consider their decision to take the bus as starting the night before by setting an alarm, while another may see it as starting in the morning checking weather
      - Recognising starting points can aid in understanding habitual behaviours and their triggers
      - Can vary sig among individuals, affecting how they perceive their choices
- - - - Repetition of behaviour can lead to detachment from the original goal, making it habitual
      - A behaviour initially performed to achieve a goal may continue even when the goal is no longer valued
      - Goal-direct behaviours are dependent on perceived value of the goal, while habitual become independent of goals over time
    - - Crucial in developing habits; the more frequently a behaviour is performed the stronger the habit becomes
      - The persistence of a behaviour despite negative consequences indicates strength of the habit
  - - - 2 groups of rats were trained with different frequencies of rewarded level presses; 500 and 100 items, respectively
      - After training, the reward was devalued by making the rats feel ill after consuming the pellets
      - Training rats to press a lever for sucrose pellets, establishing a clear association between the action and reward
    - - Demonstrates that higher repetition leads to greater habit strength and persistence in behaviour
      - Highlights that habitual responses become automatic and insensitive to changes in teh goal structure
      - Following devaluation, rats that had pressed the lever 500 times continued to do so despite consequences, while those that pressed it 100 times adapted quickly and stopped
  - - - One proposed method is to assess frequency of a behaviour; frequent actions are likely to be habitual
      - Frequency of action can provide an estimate of habit strength but is not a definitive measure of the psych processes involved
    - - More nuanced understanding of habits requires exploring the contexts and psych mechanisms that lead to habitual actions
      - Layperson's definition aligns with frequency, but psychologists seek deeper insights into nature of habits and behaviour impacts
      - Defining habit solely by frequency fails to explain how habits influence behaviour and the cog processes behind them
  - - - Operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behaviour through pos outcomes, strengthening association between stimulus & response
      - In Adam's study, rats learned to assoc lever pressing with sucrose pallets, reinforcing behaviour despite negative outcomes later on
      - Primarily driven by associative learning, particularly through operant conditioning
    - - Repeatedly performing an action in a particular context strengthens the assoc between context and behaviour
      - Leads to automatic responses when encountering same context in the future
      - Habits are formed through context-dependent repetition, where behaviours are learned in specific situations
    - - Become goal-independent, they persist even when the original goal is no longer relevant
      - Reinforced through repeated associations between a stimulus and a responses, leading to automaticity
      - Habitual responses are automatic behaviours that occur regardless of current goals
      - Dickinson & Verplanken & Arts highlight the psych nature of habits, focusing on learned behaviours that are cued by contexts
    - - May occur without intention
      - Can be initiated without awareness
      - Have 4 key characteristics
      - May lack volitional control, making them difficult to stop
      - Require minimal cognitive effort to initiate
  - - - Research inidcates that intentions only predict about 25% of behavioural variations
      - The gap is most pronounced in behaviours that are performed frequently, where past behaviour can override intentions
      - Refers to the phenomenon where individuals do not always act according to their intentions, particularly in habitual contexts
      - A person may intend to eat a hot dog at the cinema but habitually buys popcorn due to esablished behaviour patterns
    - - As habit strength increases, the effect of intentions on behaviour diminishes leading to habitual actions taking precedence
      - Moderation effect highlight importance of understanding how habits can dictate choices, even when intentions differ
      - Proposed that repeated behaviours in specific situations become habits, which then influence future actions more than intentions
  - - - The chime serves as the stimulus, prompting the child to run to the van to enjoy the ice cream
      - This illustrates how positive experiences reinforce the association between the stimulus and the response
      - Child hearing an ice cream van chime
    - - Recongising automatic nature can help in developing techniques to modify or replace unwanted behaviours
      - Psych definitions of habits provide a framework for studying behaviour in social and applied psychology
      - Understanding habitual responses can inform behavioural interventions and habit change strategies
    - - Initially, behaviours are motivated by anticipated outcomes
      - Over time, mere exposure to the stimulus is enough to trigger the response
      - Habit formation involves a shift from stimulus-outcome associations to stimulus-response associations
  - - - Individuals with a habit may feel an urge to act even when the outcome is no longer desirable
      - Cognitive effort required to shift away from a habitual response increases as the habit strengthens
      - Non-habitual responses are adaptable and consider the current context and outcomes before acting
      - Understanding distinction helps in analysing behavioural patterns and interventions for changing habits
      - Habitual responses are automatic and do not require conscious deliberation about outcomes
    - - Nail biting can be seen as a habit if it occurs frequently in response to boredom
      - Frequency of a behaviour and stability of the context in which it occurs are critical in determining whether a behaviour becomes habitual
      - Formation of habits involves a transition from goal-directed to automatic responses, indicating a shift in behaviour regulation
      - Relationship between context and behaviour is essnetial; consistent performance in a specific context strengthens the habit
      - Defined as a behaviour that is performed automatically in response to specific cues or contexts
    - - After 2 months of consistent behaviour, the response to the chime becomes automatic, regardless of the outcome
      - If the vendor changes the meaning of the chime, habitual responses may persist despite the lack of reward
      - Repeated exposure to the chime reinforces assoc between the sound and the action, leading to habit formation over time
      - The distinction between habitual and non-habitual responses is crucial in understanding behaviour
      - Ice cream van chime serves as a stimulus that triggers a response leading to a positive outcome
      - Illustrates how habits can form through repeated associations btut potential for change when context or outcome shifts
    - - Ppts rate their agreement with statements that reflect these components, providing insights into how habitual a behaviour feels to them
      - Example items include 'I do this behavioural automatically' and 'This behaviour is typically me'
      - Index includes 3 key components; automaticity, frequency and self-identity related to the behaviour
      - Higher scores on the SRHI indicate stronger habitual behaviour, with a scale ranging from 0 to 42
      - The Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) is a tool used to measure the strength of habits based on subjective experiences
  - - - These measures bypass self-reporting biases by directly observing behaviour in response to stimuli
      - The methodology involves controlled settings where ppts are prompted with cues to elicit habitual responss
      - Faster responses indicate stronger habitual associations, as the behaviour is more mentally accessible
      - Provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of habit formation and maintenance
      - Assess the speed of response to cues that are expected to trigger habitual behaviour
      - The effectiveness relies on assumption that habits are context-dependent
    - - Ppts report the frequency of the behaviour and stability of contextual cues associated with it
      - A nail-biting habit may be linked to stress or boredom, which serves as contextual cues
      - Assess how often a behaviour occurs in specific contexts, indicating habit strength
      - Calculation of habit strength involves multiplying the frequency of the behaviour by stability of the context
      - Highlights importance of situational factors in the development of habits
      - Understanding measures can aid in designing interventions to modify habitual behaviours
  - - - Linear relationship suggests that each repetition has equal reinforcing value, while an asymptotic relationship indicates diminshing returns on habit strength with each subsequent repetition
      - Study found that the relationship is best modeled as asymptotic, where initial repetitions sig strenghtne habit but later have less impact
      - Study investigates whether relationship between repetition in a specific context and habit formation is linear or asymptotic
    - - Ppts identified a daily cue to trigger the desired behaviour and reported their progress over 12 weeks
      - Results indicated that the first feq repetitions led to sig increases in perceived habit strenght, while later contributed less
      - Involved 96 ppts who aimed to adopt new healthy behaviours, such as drinking water or engaging in physical activity
      - A ppt who drank water after breakfast showed a rapid increase in habit strength initially, which then leveled off after several weeks
  - - - Habit formation isn't binary; it exists on a continuum, meaning individuals can experience varying degrees of habit strength
      - Some ppts reached their habit peak in as little as 18 days, while others may take much longer
      - Median time for ppts to form a habit was found to be 66 days, but this varied widely among individuals
      - Highlights habit strength can plateau at diff levels for diff individuals, complicating definition of what constitutes a habit
    - - Ppts reported feelings of discomfort when not engaging in their habitual behaviours, indicating a shift to automaticity
      - Example equotes from ppts 'Initially, it was difficult but it got easier' and 'It felt strange not to do the behaviour once I set it up'
      - Qualitative interviews revealed that ppts experienced behaviours becoming easier and more routine over time, consistent with habit formation
      - These insights support the idea that as habits form, individuals transition from conscious DM to automatic responses
- - - - Suggests that habit strength moderates intention-behav relationship, highlighting importance of understanding both
      - A person may intend to eat healthy, but if they have a strong habit of snacking on junk food, behaviour may not align with intentions
      - As habit strength increases, influence of intention diminishes, leading to a disconnect where strong habits override intentions
      - Aligns with Triandis, which posits that habits can sig influence DM processes
      - Relationship between intention & behaviour is strongest when habit strength is weak, indicating intentions can drive behav when habits are not yet formed
    - - Study of competition between habits & intentions crucial for understanding behav outcomes, esp in conflicting contexts
      - A cinema study demonstrated how ppts popcorn consumption was influenced by habitual behav vs conscious preferences
      - In real-world, intentions & habits often pos correlated; someone who intends to drive may develop a habit of doing so
      - Suggest that habitual behav can dominate DM, even when conscious preferences suggest otherwise
      - Habits are formed through rep behav, often driven by underlying intentions, creating a cycle where intentions lead to habits etc.
  - - - Ppts with strong habits for eating popcorn consumed similar amounts regardless of popcorn freshness, while weaker were influenced by quality
      - Supports idea that strong habits can lead to automatic behav that override conscious intentions, as seen in consumption patterns
      - Ppts divided into 2 groups; 1 received fresh popcorn while other received stale, allowing researchers to measure consumption against preference
      - Implications extend to understanding consumer behav in various settings
      - Study with 105 ppts in a cinema setting to explore the relationship between habit strength and consumption behaviour
    - - Found that habitual users chose bikes more frequently and processed less info (14.5 pieces) than non-habit (19.5 pieces)
      - Individuals with strong habits bypass reflective DM opting for automatic responses instead
      - Ppts with strong bike habits used sig less info when making transport choices compared to those without such habits
      - Proposed a process model illustrating how individuals with habits activate goals & respond without extensive info processing
      - Study in Netherlands examined how bike use habits affected DM processes in unfamiliar transport scenarios
  - - - Can inform interviews aimed at changing behav, suggesting that altering habits may be more effective than focusing on changing intentions
      - Dual-process provides a framework for predicting behav in various settings, inc health, transportation & environmental
      - Findings highlight importance of understanding how habits can dominate intentions in behav control, particularly in contexts where habitual actions are prevalent
    - - Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how habits develop over time and their long-term effects on behaviour
      - Investigating underlying neural mechanisms could enhance understanding of cog processes involved
      - Could explore additional contexts where habits and intention interact
  - - - Dual process model illustrates contrast between R and NR DM emphasising role of habits in bypassing reflective thought
      - Individuals with strong habits tend to skip reflective stage, leading to decisions that align with past behav rather than current intent
      - Non-reflective processing is characterised by quick. automatic responses based on established habits and associations
      - Suggests that habits can impose boundaries on deliberative behav, limiting effectivness of conscious DM
      - Reflective processing involves careful consideration of options & available info before making a choice
      - A person may habitually choose to eat popcorn at cinema without considering other snack options
    - - Strong habits can create default response pattern, making it challenging to change behav when intentions shift
      - Relationship between habit and intention is complex; changing intentions doesn't guarantee change in behaviour due to habit
      - Activation of low-level unconscious associations can prompt immediate action without reflective thought
      - A smoker may intend to quit but continues to smoke due to habitual nature
      - Can override conscious intentions, leading individuals to act in ways that may not align with their current goals or desires
      - Implications of habit formation suggest that breaking old habits is essential for behaviour change
  - - - Ppts completed a survey measuring their driving habits and intentions, followed by reporting actual driving behav over week
      - Individuals with strong driving habits showed diminished relationship between intentions and actual driving behaviour
      - Study involving 107 regular car commuters aimed to explore interaction between habit strength & intention in driving behav
      - Some ppts with strong habits had no intention to drive but still did
    - - Ppts reported habits, intentions and actual bicycle use over preceding week, revealing similar patterns to Sussex study
      - As habit strength increased, relationship between intention and behaviour weakened, confirming moderating effect of habit
      - Similar study in Netherlands examined bicycle use among 317 ppts, focusing on same interaction between habit & intention
      - Beta coefficients indicated that intention-behaviour relationship was strongest when habits were weak
  - - - Encouraging individuals to avoid cues assoc with unwanted habits can help disrupt automatic response pattern
      - Developing new responses to existing cues can facilitate the formation of positive habits
      - Interventions should focus on altering the cue-response relationship rather than solely changing conscious motivations
      - A person trying to eat healthier might avoid walking past fast food restaurants to avoid temptation
      - Traditional persuasion strategies, such as providing info or appearling to rational judgement, are often ineffective
      - Understanding mechanics of formation is crucial for designing effective behav change interventions
    - - Can serve as a mechanism for sustaining behav change, providing a buffer against lapses in intention strength
      - Regular exercises can become a habit that continues even when motivation decreases, leading to long term health benefits
      - Once a new behav becomes habitual, it can persist even when conscious motivation wanes
      - Psychologists view habit formation as a strategy for locking in desired behav, less susceptible to changes in motivation
      - Can also support maintenance of positive behaviours over time
      - Dual nature of habits highlights potential to hinder and support behaviour change
  - - - 2 key predictions; strength of a habit determines likelihood of performing assoc behav and habits moderate intention-behav relationship
      - Stronger habits correlate positively with the frequency of the assoc behaviour, indicating that individuals with strong habits are more likely to act accordingly
      - Posits that habits can override intentions in determining behaviour, suggesting that habitual responses are more influential
      - In situations were intentions conflict with strong habits, behav is more likely to be dictated by habit rather than intention
    - - Reflective system involves cog effort, individuals think and reflect on their actions before acting, leading to reasoned intentions
      - Non-reflective system operates automatically, generating behav quickly based on learned assoc and habits, w/o conscious thought
      - Suggests 2 systems that generate behaviour; reflective processing system and non-reflective system
      - When habits and intentions conflict, the non-reflective system tends to dominate, leading to quicker behavioural responses
  - - - Popcorn example illustrates how a choice made in the past can become a habitual response
      - Raises questions about extent to which individuals retain the ability to make new choices in presence of strong habits
      - Individuals may continue to act in line with past choices, even if they don't align with current goals or preferences
      - Capacity for conscious choice may diminish as habits become more entrenched
      - Habits can create disconnect between past and current DM, leading to automatic behav that no longer reflects intent
      - Understanding relationship is essential for addressing challenges of modifying habitual behaviours
    - - Some argue that reliance on habits may lead to a lack of conscious engagement with choices, potentially resulting in undesirable outcomes
      - Balance between efficiency and need for conscious DM is a critical area of exploration
      - Ethical implications raise questions about autonomy and control over behaviour
      - Individuals must consider whether habit align with values and long term goals
      - Formation of habits can be viewed as beneficial, allowing individuals to navigate daily life w/o constant deliberation
      - Ethical dimension invites reflection on nature of choice and personal agency