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BIOLOGICAL STAINING - Coggle Diagram
BIOLOGICAL STAINING
SIMPLE STAINING
1. SIMPLE STAINING
Uses
One basic dye
Dyes Used
Methylene Blue
Crystal Violet
Safranin
Purpose
Cell size
Cell shape
Cell arrangement
Mechanism
Basic dye (+)
Bacterial surface (−)
Dye attaches to cell
Result
All cells appear same color
STRUCTURAL (SPECIAL) STAINING
3. STRUCTURAL (SPECIAL) STAINING
Purpose
Highlight special structures
A. ENDOSPORE STAINING
Dye: Malachite Green
Heat drives stain into spores
Endospores stained
B. CAPSULE STAINING
Negative staining method
Background stained
Capsule = clear halo
C. FLAGELLA STAINING
Uses mordant
Thickens flagella
Flagella become visible
NEGATIVE STAINING
4. NEGATIVE STAINING
Dyes Used
India Ink
Nigrosin
Mechanism
Cell repels dye
Background dark
Cell colorless
Benefit
No heat-fixing
Cell shape remains natural
Accurate size observation
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
Uses more than one dye
Distinguishes different bacteria
GRAM STAINING
Crystal Violet = Primary stain
Safranin = Counterstain
Gram +ve → Purple
Gram −ve → Pink/Red
ACID-FAST STAINING
Used for waxy cell wall bacteria
Acid-fast → Red
Non-acid-fast → Blue