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Yasmin Pereida Period 3 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Yasmin Pereida Period 3 Endocrine System
Major functions of the endocrine system
Coordination: Works with the nervous system to integrate the activity of body cells
Metabolism: Influences metabolic activities via hormones
Growth & Development: Regulates physical growth and tissue development
Balance Maintenance: Maintains the blood's electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
Reproduction: Controls reproductive processes and maturation
Defense: Mobilizes body defenses in response to stressors
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Cranial Cavity
Hypothalamus: A neuroendocrine organ that acts as the control center for the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland: Located at the base of the brain; consists of an anterior glandular lobe and a posterior neural lobe
Pineal Gland: Located in the roof of the third ventricle; regulates biological rhythms
Neck Region
Thyroid Gland: Butterfly-shaped gland on the trachea; regulates body-wide metabolism
Parathyroid Glands: Tiny glands on the posterior thyroid; essential for calcium homeostasis
Thoracic Cavity
Thymus: Located in the chest; involved in immune (T lymphocyte) development
Heart: Secretes hormones to regulate blood pressure
Abdominal Cavity
Adrenal Glands: Paired organs atop the kidneys; divided into a cortex (steroid production) and medulla (stress response)
Pancreas: Located behind the stomach; regulates blood sugar
Kidneys & GI Tract: Produce hormones for red blood cell production and digestion
Pelvic Cavity
Gonads: Ovaries (females) and Testes (males); produce sex hormones for reproduction
Placenta: A temporary endocrine organ during pregnancy
Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
Growth Hormone (GH): Targets liver, bone, and muscle; stimulates somatic growth and metabolism
Thyroid Hormone (TH - T3/T4): Targets nearly every cell; increases metabolic rate and heat production
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines; increases blood calcium levels
Insulin: Targets most body cells; lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake
Glucagon: Targets the liver; raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen
Aldosterone: Targets the kidneys; regulates sodium reabsorption and blood pressure
Cortisol: Targets body cells; promotes stress resistance and maintains glucose levels
Oxytocin: Targets the uterus and breasts; stimulates labor contractions and milk ejection
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Targets the kidneys; prevents urine formation to conserve water
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Targets the heart and lungs; triggers "fight or flight" responses
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid Hormones (Lipid-Soluble)
Mechanism: Diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors
Synthesis: Synthesized from cholesterol
Hormones: Estrogens, Progesterone, Testosterone, Aldosterone, and Cortisol
Non-Steroid / Amino Acid–Based (Water-Soluble)
Mechanism: Bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and use second-messenger systems (except Thyroid Hormone)
Synthesis: Composed of amino acid derivatives, peptides, or proteins
Hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Insulin, Glucagon, PTH, and Catecholamines
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative Feedback: The most common mechanism; rising hormone levels or their effects on target organs inhibit further release (e.g., TH regulation and blood glucose control)
Positive Feedback: A rare mechanism where the response enhances the original stimulus (e.g., Oxytocin release during childbirth and milk ejection)
Stimuli Types: Hormone release is triggered by humoral (blood levels of ions/nutrients), neural (nerve fibers), or hormonal (other hormones) stimuli
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Pituitary Disorders: Diabetes insipidus (low ADH), Gigantism/Acromegaly (excess GH), and Pituitary dwarfism (low GH)
Thyroid Disorders: Myxedema and Goiter (low TH), Congenital hypothyroidism, and Graves’ disease (excess TH)
Adrenal Disorders: Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol) and Addison’s disease (low cortisol/aldosterone)
Pancreatic Disorders: Diabetes mellitus (Type 1/Type 2 insulin issues) and Hyperinsulinism (excess insulin leading to hypoglycemia)