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Endocrine system, Harmony Marquez P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine system
Anterior Pituitary
GH (Growth Hormone)
Stimulates body growth
Target: bones & muscles
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Stimulates thyroid
Target: thyroid gland
ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex
Target: adrenal glands
FSH & LH
Reproduction
Target: ovaries/testes
Prolactin
Milk production
Target: mammary glands
Hypothalamus
Connects nervous system to endocrine system
Controls pituitary gland
Maintains homeostasis
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin
Controls sleep-wake cycle
Target: brain
Hormones
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones
ADH and oxytocin are made here
Posterior Pituitary
ADH
Water retention
Target: kidneys
Oxytocin
Labor contractions & bonding
Target: uterus/mammary glands
Hormones
T3 & T4
Increase metabolism
Target: most body cells
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium
Target: bones
Hormones
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
Increase heart rate & blood pressure
Target: heart, blood vessels
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
Stress hormone
Raises blood glucose
Aldosterone
Salt/water balance
Target: kidneys
Hormones
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
Target: body cells/liver
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar
Target: liver
Hormones
Estrogen
Female traits & menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Maintains pregnancy
Thyroid Gland
Controls metabolism
Parathyroid Glands
Controls calcium balance
Hormone
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Raises blood calcium
Target: bones, kidneys
Thymus
Helps immune system mature
Hormone
Thymosin
Develops T-cells
Target: immune system
Adrenal Medulla
Stress response
Pancreas
Maintains blood glucose
Ovaries
Female reproductive organs
Testes
Male reproductive organs
Hormone
Testosterone
Male traits & sperm production
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs and Their Functions
Brain Region
Pituitary Gland (“Master Gland”)
Neck Region
Chest Region
Abdominal Region
Adrenal Glands
Pelvic Region
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Negative Feedback
Most common mechanism
Stops hormone release once balance is restored
Example: Blood Sugar
Blood sugar rises
Pancreas releases insulin
Cells absorb glucose
Blood sugar lowers
Insulin release stops
Example: Thyroid Regulation
Low thyroid hormones
Pituitary releases TSH
Thyroid releases T3/T4
High T3/T4 stop TSH release
Positive feedback
Increases hormone release until event finished
Example: Childbirth
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Diabetes Mellitus
Problem with insulin
High blood sugar
Type 1
Body does not produce insulin
Type 2
Cells resist insulin
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Weight gain
Slow metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid
Symptoms:
Weight loss
Fast heart rate
Nervousness
Gigantism
Too much GH in childhood
Excessive growth
Dwarfism
Too little GH in childhood
Short stature
Cushing’s Syndrome
Too much cortisol
Weight gain/high blood pressure
Addison’s Disease
Too little cortisol/aldosterone
Fatigue & low blood pressure
Important terms
Hormone = chemical messenger
Target cell = cell affected by hormone
Endocrine gland = gland that secretes hormones into blood
Homeostasis = stable internal conditions
Receptor = structure hormone binds to
steroid vs. non-steroid hormones
Steroid Hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Non-Steroid Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
ADH
Oxytocin
GH
TSH
Epinephrine
Major Functions of the endocrine system
Main Functions
Growth & development
Controls body growth and puberty
Metabolism
Regulates energy use and blood sugar
Homeostasis
Keeps body balanced
Water, temperature, calcium, glucose levels
Reproduction
Controls menstrual cycle, sperm production, pregnancy
Stress response
“Fight or flight” response
Sleep & mood
Regulates sleep cycles and emotions
Harmony Marquez P.3