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Chapters 51&52 - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 51&52
Mountains
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Cool, dry air absorbs moisture as it descends on the leeward side, creating a “rain shadow”
Warm, moist air cools as it rises up a mountain and release moisture on the windward side
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The Abyssal Zone
Is located in the aphotic zone with a depth 2,000-6,000 m
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Behavior
The sum of an animal’s responses to internal and external stimuli, usually carried out by muscles under nervous system control.
Functions: Getting food, finding mates, maintaining homeostasis (example: bees huddling to conserve heat)
Proximate causation
How a behavior occurs or is modified – the immediate stimulus and the underlying physiological mechanisms.
Ultimate causation: Why a behavior occurs in the context of evolution – how it increases survival and reproduction and its evolutionary history.
Ethology
Study of animal behavior in natural environments, often focused on proximate causation and stereotyped behaviors (Tinbergen’s classic work).
Behavioral ecology: Study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of behavior, emphasizing ultimate causation
Migration
Regular, long‑distance change in location guided by environmental cues (sun, stars, Earth’s magnetic field).
Animals may use a circadian clock to compensate for the sun’s movement and magnetic sensing to navigate when visual cues are unavailable.
Circadian rhythm
About 24‑hour cycle of rest and activity, driven by an internal clock but usually synchronized to light–dark cycles.
Circannual rhythm: Yearly cycle behaviors (e.g., migration, reproduction) often linked to day length; other rhythms can follow lunar cycles
Signal
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Communication: Transmission and reception of signals between animals; can be visual, chemical, tactile, or auditory
Pheromones
Chemical signals released into the environment that influence behavior or physiology of other members of the same species.
Roles include reproductive signaling (fruit flies, silkworm moths), social regulation (honeybee queen substance), and alarm signaling
Bodies of water
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During the day, air rises over warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land
Estuaries
A nutrient rich and productive transition zone between a river and the sea (from fresh water to salt water)
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Global Climate Change
The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Biomes
Major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)
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Detritus
Dead organic matter, falls from the surface and forms an important food source for the benthos
Turnover
Sends oxygenated water from the surface to the bottom and nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface
-In addition to predation and herbivory, other biotic factors may limit the distribution of species
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