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Lab Exam #2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - located in right atrium, just under superior vena cava
    - - picks up electrical signal generated from SA node. This transmits electrical impulses down Bundle of His and into Purkinje Fiber network
        
        causes muscle cells of the ventricles to contract a split second after the atria have contracted, sending blood out of heart through aorta and pulmonary arteries
    - - P Wave
        
        electrical depolarization, causes left and right atria contraction
      - QRS complex
        
        electrical depolarization causing ventricles to contract, also repolarization of atria
      - T Wave - electrical activity of ventricles relaxing, prepare for next contraction
  - - - redistribution of blood flow to central organs
    - - ADL Aerobic Dive Limit: amt of time a diving animal can remain sibmerged while utilizing aerobic respiration
      - Bradycardia - lower HR
      - tachycardia - higher HR
      - Thermoneutral Zone : range of ambiant temperatures at which heat is neither lost to nor gained from surrounding environment
- - - - ossicles make endoskeleton (internal) that provides the animals with protection & rigidity
    - - Asteroidea (patrick)
        
        sea star
        
        thick arms extend from central disk
        
        podia for locomotion and feeding
      - Ophiuroidea
        
        brittle stars
        
        thin flexible arms
        
        use arms to move by wrapping arms around objects and pulling
      - Echinoidea
        
        sea urchins and sand dollars
        
        ossicles which form large plates and create hard test
      - Crinoidea
        
        sea Lillies and feather stars
        
        suspension feeder whether motile or sessile
        
        arms covered with podia to capture food and move
      - Holothuroidea
        
        sea cucumbers
        
        microscopic ossicles
        
        functionally bilateral
        
        pentaradial symmetry visible in five internal strips of muscles and in species where podia are along one side of animal and moves using these
  - - - flexible rod that provides axial support to animal, either during embryonic development or into adulthood
    - - Cephalochordata - lancelets
      - Urochordata - tunicates
      - Myxini - hagfish (jawless)
        
        cranium appears, lacks jaw
      - Petromyzontida - lampreys (jawless vertebral column)
      - Chondrichthyes - sharks, rays, chimaeras (cartilaginous fishes)
      - Actinopterygii - ray finned fishes (many bony fish)
      - Actinistia - coelacanths (lobe finned fish)
      - Dipnoi - lungfishes
      - Amphibia - frogs, salamanders
      - Reptilia - turtles, snakes, birds
      - Mammalia
        
        vertebrata
      - develop jaws
      - develops lungs/ homologous structures (ex: swim bladder)
      - develop four limbs (tetrapods)
      - develop milk, hair, skin containing assorted secretory glands, synapsid skulls, etc.
- - - - over 1 million
      - cortical nephrons (85%)
        
        deep in renal cortex
      - juxtamedullary nephrons
        
        close to renal medulla
      - 3 parts
        
        renal corpuscle
        
        renal tubule
        
        capillary network (originates from cortical radiate arteries)
      - Four basic functions of the nephron:
        
        Filtration. Blood components are filtered by size, whether they are waste or not. Once in Bowman's capsule, the filtered material is called filtrate.
        
        Selective absorption. Useful materials (amino acids, glucose, etc.) found in the filtrate are selectively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
        
        Secretion. Toxins found in the blood are secreted into the filtrate.
        
        Concentration. If the organism is dehydrated or has a high blood salt content, the filtrate is concentrated in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. At this point the filtrate becomes urine.
    - - 1st. Nephrons filter in the glomerulus
        
        filters all solutes except proteins
      - 2nd. Collected in renal tubules
        
        reabsorbed into PCT via tubular reabsorption
        
        exchange solutes and water with the renal medulla and the peritubular capillary network
        
        water reabsorbed
- - - - characterized by:
        
        heterotrophy
        
        multicellularity
        
        flagellated cells
        
        sexual reproduction
        
        lack of cell walls
      - Eumetazoa
        
        radiata
        
        cnidaria
        
        bilateral
        
        protostome
        
        ecdysozoa
        
        nematoda
        
        anthropoid
        
        Lophotrochozoa (spiralia)
        
        platyzoa
        
        platyhelmithes
        
        throchozoa
        
        annelida
        
        Mollusca
        
        brachiopoda
        
        deuterostome
      - Parazoa
        
        Porifera
      - Parazoa and Eumetozoa: lacks tissues and has tissues
      - Radiolata and Bilateria: Diploblastic, radial symmetry, and triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
      - Protostome and Deuterostome: Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous coelom formation
      - Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa: sheds outer cuticle and spiral cleavage of blastula
  - - - cylindrical
      - complete gut
      - lack circulatory system
      - ventral and dorsal nerve cords
      - muscles are longitudinal ONLY (move via undulation)
      - pseudocoelomate
      - outer cuticle (sheds through ecdysis) for growth
    - - shell (chitin) molts via ecdysis for growth
      - segmented bodies w/ pairs of jointed appendages
      - fuse segments for specialized regions via tagmosis
      - nervous system with ventral nerve cord and cephalized ganglia
      - complete gut
      - open circulatory system
        
        hemolymph moves around and pools in varius sinus locations, splashing the organs
      - Tardigrades and Onychophorans
    - - simple body plans
      - acoelomate
      - incomplete complex gut
      - cephalized cerebral ganglion
      - ladder like nervous system
      - lack circulatory system, but gain protonephridia = aids in excretion & osmoregulation
    - - segmented, each containing lateral epidermal cheat (bristles)
      - serial homology - internal and external parts repeated for each segment as result of genetics and development
      - complete gut w/ regional specialization
      - closed circulatory system
      - cerebral ganglion and ventral nerve chord
      - trochophore larvae
    - - thick epidermal cuticular sheet of skin (mantle)
        
        creates open space (mantle cavity) which houses gills, anus, nephridiopores, gonopores
      - calcerous shell
      - large muscular foot
      - specialized feeding structure - Radula
      - open circulatory system
      - complete gut w/ regional specialization (often includes digestive cecum)
      - trochophore larval stage, some have extra veliger stage (free-living larval stage)
    - - U shaped feeding structure with tentacles around mouth
      - like molluscs, have mantle that secretes calcerous shell and mantle cavity which is where the mouth and lophophore is
      - mantle covered in setae, extend out from shell
      - no gills
      - open circulatory
      - penduncle for affixing to surfaces
        
        comes from ventral of two shells (valves) and hole is quicly noticeable
        
        two valves are made on dorsal/ventral axis of animal
      - lophotrochozoa with radial cleavage
- - - - large pop
      - no immigration
      - no mutations
      - random mating
      - no selection
      - allelic freq. p+q+1
      - genotypic freq: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
      - deviations
        
        genetic drift
        
        selection
        
        gene flow
        
        mutation
        
        bottleneck
        
        founder effect
- - - - old: mutualistic relationship between fungus and photosynethetic organism (alga or cyanobacteria)
      - new: mutualostic relationship between ascomycete, basidiomycete, and alga or cyanobacteria
    - - Porifera
        
        lack true tissue, but have specialized cells to make up
        
        choanocyte - cell with a flagella surrounded by a cup of microvilli.
        
        used for feeding
        
        dont possess because they dont create true gastrula during embryogenesis (no true end/ectoderm
        
        filter eater via microvilli
        
        move water in through ostium
        
        move water out via osculum
        
        water flows through the spongocoel
        
        space between outer cell layers called: mesohyl
        
        cells inside: nutrient delivery to other cells, skeletal structures (spicules), form sex cells
        
        any cell in a sponge can become any other cell (totipotency)
      - single celled
      - not true animals
      - function like choanocytes
      - some form colonies
      - all other eumetezoa
    - - two germ layers (diploblastic)
      - radially symmetrical
      - like thin bags holding non living material (in the mesoglea)
      - stinging cell (cnidocyte)
        
        capture prey and defense
      - incomplete gut
      - nerve net- system of spaced out nerves without a brain
        
        brain - centralized grouping of nerves
      - alternation of generation
        
        sexually reproducing and motile medusa stage
        
        asexually reproducing and sessile polyp stage
        
        reproductive stages can be lost or reduced
      - Hydrozoa
        
        obelia and Hydra
        
        carnivorous aquatic
    - - Fungi are important decomposers.
      - They can form close symbiotic relationships with plants that are required for productive growth of the plant.
      - They can be vicious plant pathogens and can kill plants.
      - Fungi produce a vast array of metabolic compounds including hallucinogens.