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Ch. 51-52 - Coggle Diagram
Ch. 51-52
aquatic biomes
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palagic: deep, open water with large migratory fauna
coral reef: shallow, warm, built by coral polyps; lots of biodiversity
benthic: ocean floor, mud, detritus, decomposer communities
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terrestrial biomes
chaparral: Mediterranean climate; wet season & dry season, fire prone
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temperate grassland: moderate precipitation, seasonal temp, inland plains
coniferous forest: cold, moderate precipitation; northern latitudes
savanna: warm, seasonal temp; inland plains
tundra: very cold, low precipitation, high latitudes or low elevations
tropical rainforest: hot, very wet, near equator; dense vegetation
desert: very low precipitation, can be hot or cold (mid-latitudes = 30 degrees)
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animal behavior
Learning links experience to behavior; associated leaves, reward, punishment
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types of behavior:
Habituation: decrease response after repeated non threatening stimulus ex. Prairie dogs, sea anemone ignoring plastic after repeated exposure
Observational Learning: copying behaviors by watching others EX. Octopus learning to task by watching; mirror neuron involvement in primates
trial and error/Operate conditioning: behavior shaped by reinforcement EX. Skinner box; crow vending machine trained to insert coins for food
Insight: sudden problem solving without trial and error EX. candle problem, chimp stacking boxes, crows solving complex tasks
Associative learning/Classical conditioning: linking two stimuli EX. Pavlov's dogs; cues associated with foods or events
Imprinting: irreversible learning during a critical period. EX. gosslings imprinting on first moving object; salmon chemical imprinting
Fixed action pattern: specific stimulus triggers a stereotype sequence completed to the end EX. Goose retrieving egg like object; male stickle back attacks red bellied models
Instinct: innate behavior is present at birth. example: sea turtle hatchling heading to see; newborn grab reflex
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succession: predictable sequence of ecological change over time; can transform habitats (lake to swamp to grassland to shrubland to forest
secondary succession: reestablishment of communities after disturbance by what life remains (fires, floods) ; faster than primary & may not restore original community
climax community: dynamic equilibrium stage where ecosystem becomes relatively stable (old growth forest); can be disrupted by disturbance
primary succession: starts on lifeless substrate (new volcanic rock, major landslides, post-asteroid) first colonized by lichen, mosses, small plants; slowly forming soil
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rain shadow
mechanism
air descends leeward side, warms & dries -> rain shadow, creating dry conditions
Voice air approaches mountain (windward side), rises, cools -> precipitation on word slope
Explains wet western slopes of major ranges in dry eastern Leeward deserts; EX. Western US coastal mountain versus interior deserts
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