Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

UNIT FOUR, 1 million people die from lack of fresh water - Coggle Diagram

- - - - North East Trade winds
      - South East trade winds
    - - Go from East ---> West
    - - Go from West ---> East
  - - - Three different cells
        
        Hadley Cell
        
        Warm air rises: 0 degrees
        
        Equator!
        
        Cold air sinks: 30 degrees
        
        Ferrall Cell
        
        Warm air rises: 60 degrees
        
        Cold air sinks: 30 degrees
        
        In North and South of the Equator
        
        Polar Cell
        
        Warm air rises: 60 degrees
        
        Cold air sinks: 90 degrees
  - - - Northern Hemisphere
        
        Curve to the right
        
        Counter Clockwise
      - Southern Hemisphere
        
        Curve to the left
        
        Clockwise
  - - - About 10 kilometers
- - - - Sea is colder
      - Sea ---> Land
      - During DAYTIME
    - - During NIGHTTIME
      - Land is colder
      - Land ---> Sea
  - - - Balance between opposing forces
    - - Change pressure over a distance
- - - - Control the rest 90% of the ocean
      - Driven by density in water
        
        Cold, salty water is more dense
        
        Which makes this water sink
        
        Warmer surface takes over this cold water
        
        Creates thermohaline circulation
        
        Thermohaline Circulation: circulation of surface and deep sea convection that create Global Conveyor Belts
        
        Global Conveyor Belt: longest current, but moves a few cm/second
        
        4 more items...
    - - Control the top 10% of the ocean
      - Influence each other in order to keep the ocean moving
      - Driven by winds and tides
        
        Makes the water go back and forth
        
        Makes the water level rise or fall
      - Middle of the ocean --- wind moves the top layer of the ocean
        
        That moving layer pulls on the layer beneath
        
        And the cycle repeats
      - Surface currents make gyres
        
        Gyres: Big loops of the surface current
        
        Spin clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the southern
        
        Due to earth's rotation
        
        If the earth didn't move, then the water would move back and forth
        
        Having low pressure at the equator
        
        1 more item...
        
        Having high pressure at the poles
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Surface water warms up
        
        Causes weather patterns
    - - Change in atmospheric conditions
    - - But move slowly
    - - Moisture then rises
    - - Marine life migrates towards the colder part of the ocean
    - - Western North America and South America
        
        Malaria
        
        Flood
        
        Rainfall
      - Asia and Australia
        
        Drought
        
        Wildfire
        
        Colder ocean waters
- - - - Use the width of the ring to determine how much precipitation there was in a year
    - - Uses air bubbles and dust in the ice core to determine history of climate change
  - - - Can trap the Infrared radiation making it way more hotter in the atmosphere
      - These greenhouse gasses come from human impact
        
        Driving cars or burning fossil fuels
- - - - Using Infrared Radiation (IR)
    - - Earth's Surface
        
        Where we stand/live
      - Troposphere
        
        Where we are located
        
        Lowest atmosphere layer
        
        Weather occurs here
        
        Most dense layer
        
        Density=Mass/Volume
        
        High air pressure
        
        Air pressure is measured by using a barometer
        
        Troposphere - it rains here!!
        
        As altitude increases, air pressure decreases and temperature
        
        Altitude: Distance, in height, above sea/land level
      - Tropopause
      - Stratosphere
        
        Stratosphere - planes fly here!!
        
        Has the ozone layer
        
        Ozone layer: Captures most of the sun's UV rays
        
        'Middle of the Atmosphere
        
        As altitude increases, temperature increases
      - Stratopause
      - Mesosphere
        
        'Middle of the Atmosphere
        
        Mesosphere - shooting stars are here!
        
        Coldest layer
        
        As altitude increases, temperature decreases
        
        Meteors burn up before entry
      - Mesopause
      - Thermosphere
        
        Thermosphere - it's hot in here
        
        As altitude increases, temperature increases
        
        Super hot!
        
        Ionsphere
        
        Atoms are ionized
        
        Have electrical charge
        
        Bottom layer of Thermosphere
        
        Ions help send out radio waves
        
        Aurora Boreals
        
        Exosphere
        
        Satellites are here
        
        Atoms & molecules mix with space
        
        Top layer of Thermosphere
        
        Thin air
      - Outer Space
    - - Oxygen
        
        Contains 21%
        
        O2 (Subscript)
      - Trace Gasses
        
        Contains 1%
        
        AKA Greenhouse Gasses
        
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        CO2 (Subscript)
        
        Water
        
        H2O (Subscript)
        
        Methane
        
        CH4 (Subscript)
        
        Ozone
        
        O3 (Subscript)
        
        :
        
        Nitrous Oxide
        
        N2O (Subscript)
      - Nitrogen
        
        Contains 78%
        
        N2 (Subscript)
- - - - Temperature is a measure of an object's particles' average kinetic energy.
        
        Measured by a THERMOMETER
      - Temperature: AVERAGE kinetic energy
        
        Thermal energy: TOTAL kinetic energy
        
        Heat Transfer: TRANSFER of thermal energy
        
        Travels from HOT ---> COLD
        
        Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion
        
        Energy: Ability to do work
        
        Measured in Joules
        
        Energy is never created nor destroyed; it can only be stored or transferred.
    - - Gradient: When something changes over time/distance
  - - - EX: It is going to be 19 degrees Celsius today!
  - - - Cyclone
        
        Form of south part of equator
        
        South Pacific Ocean/ Indian Ocean
      - Hurricane
        
        Forms of north part of equator
        
        North Atlantic Ocean
        
        Warm air rises at the eye
        
        Eye: the hole in the hurricane
        
        Cool air is swirling around the eye
        
        Winds can reach to 119 km
      - Typhoons
        
        Near Asia and Australia
        
        North Pacific Ocean
    - - Cool air sinks in the funnel
      - Warm air curves around the tornado
      - Forms by having a huge thunderstorm
        
        Super Cell
        
        With high winds
      - Need condensation to happen
        
        More condensation = bigger clouds form
        
        The air can change direction sand collects moisture
        
        Moisture helps the tornado to feed of it
        
        When all the elements are presented it forms a vertex
        
        Vertex: Center of the tonado
      - Wind reach to 65 - 100 mph
    - - Heavy rain
      - Includes thunder and lightning
      - Cumulonimbus cloud
      - Cycle occurs
        
        Water vapor rises until it hits the same temperature as its surrounding
        
        Water vapor then condenses out and forms a cloud
        
        Then it expands
        
        Recovers some of the water vapor
        
        Cycle repeats
        
        1 more item...
  - - - :
    - - Different altitude, shape, & size
      - Stratus Cloud
        
        Long, thin, gray blanket of clouds
        
        Weather is good but it looks gloomy
      - Nimbostratus Cloud
        
        Like stratus clouds but more gray and lumpy
      - Cumulonimbus Cloud
        
        Taller and darker than Cumulus cloud
        
        Means that there is going to be heavy rain
      - Stratocumulus Cloud
        
        Formed in low troposphere
        
        Large and dark
      - Cirrus Cloud
        
        Very thin
        
        Form in very high part of troposphere
      - Cirrocumulus Cloud
        
        Forms in high troposphere
        
        Patchy
        
        Made out of ice crystals
      - Cumulus Cloud
        
        Tall and puffy
        
        Means that it's going to be a good weather
      - Fog
        
        Resembling stratus clouds
        
        Low lying cloud on the ground
        
        Due to convection
        
        Happens when there is hot air and the ground is cold
- - - - Form over OCEAN
        
        Makes it very humid
    - - Very warm
    - - Form over LAND
        
        Makes it dry and a bit moisture
      - Air masses CAN combine
        
        Maritime Polar (mP)
        
        Wet and cold winds
        
        Continental Tropical (cT)
        
        Dry and hot winds
        
        Continental Polar (cP)
        
        Dry and cold winds
        
        Maritime Tropical (mT)
        
        Wet and hot winds
    - - Very cold
  - - - Take over warm air
      - Move fast
      - Stay close to the ground
        
        Due to convection
      - Lifts the warm air fast
        
        Causes cumulus clouds
    - - Warm & cold air are standstill
        
        Standstill: Can't move
      - Only move once one of the air masses takes over
    - - Replaces cold air
      - Moves slow
      - Has a slope over the cold air mass
        
        Due to convection
      - High Humidity
      - More strataform clouds
        
        Strat - layers
      - Drizzle occurs
    - - Warm air is trapped between 2 cold air masses
        
        Fast moving cold air mass caught up to the warm air mass
- - - - Water warms up slower, but it keeps the heat longer due to high heat capacity
  - - - Land warms up faster and cools down faster due to its low heat capacity
        
        Heats up by the sun's electromagnetic wave: Infrared Radiation
- - - - Building dams and water wells
      - Population growth in the past 50 years
- - - - CHANGES OF STATE WITH SOLIDS
        
        Solid ---> Liquid
        
        Melting
        
        Liquid ---> Solid
        
        Freezing
        
        Gas ---> Solid
        
        Deposition
        
        Solid ---> Gas
        
        Sublimation
  - - - Creates CURRENTS
    - - Gasses
        
        EXAMPLE: Air in our atmosphere
      - Liquid
        
        EXAMPLE: Water in our oceans
        
        CHANGE OF STATE WITH LIQUIDS
        
        Liquid ---> Gas
        
        Evaporation
        
        Gas ---> Liquid
        
        Condensation
        
        Liquid ---> Solid
        
        Freezing
        
        Solid ---> Liquid
        
        Melting
  - - - Infrared (IR)
        
        Non-ionizing
        
        Feels as heat
        
        Wavelength are LONGER
      - Ultra Violet (UV)
        
        Sun gives of UV
        
        Also IR
        
        Ionizing
        
        Harmful
        
        Wavelength are SHORTER
      - Visible Light
        
        Non-ionizing
        
        Colors of the rainbow
    - - Sunlight
        
        Heat in form of radiation
        
        To be specific--- Infrared
        
        Direct Sunlight
        
        Hitting directly down on earth
        
        Most direct sunlight --- at equator
        
        Direct sunlight leads to having seasons
        
        Indirect Sunlight
        
        Not hitting earth directly--- on an angle
        
        Most indirect sunlight is at north and south poles
- - - - Always warm
        
        Rain forest
        
        Deserts
        
        Temperature ranges from 50 degrees Celsius to 0, depends on the altitude
      - Near the EQUATOR
    - - Deserts
      - Mediterranean region
        
        Dry summers and rainy winters
      - Summer are really hot. Average temperature in the winter is below 20 degrees Celsius
    - - Cold "desert"
      - North Pole - arctic
        
        Lowland
      - South Pole - antartica
        
        Mountains
      - Mostly no plants
      - Summer: Bright the entire day
      - Winter: Dark for the entire day (6 months)
      - Temperature hardly reach 0 degrees Celsius
    - - Winter: Very short days
        
        Cold
        
        Low precepitation
      - Summer: Very long days
        
        Above freezing
        
        High precepitation
    - - Has seasons
      - Cold winters
      - Warm summers
      - We live in this region!
    - - Really hot near the equator