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Chapters 51 and 52 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - aquatic biomes chemically/physically stratified
      - aquatic biomes characterized by chemical + physical environment
    - - Zones
        
        Aphotic
        
        Pelagic
        
        Photic
        
        Abyssal
        
        Benthic zone
        
        occupied by benthos
        
        benthos feed on detritus
      - Biomes
        
        Estuaries
        
        Intertidal Zones
        
        Streams and Rivers
        
        Oceanic Pelagic Zone
        
        Wetlands
        
        Coral Reefs
        
        Lakes
        
        Marine Benthic Zone
  - - - Natural Range Expansions/Adaptive Radiation
      - Species Transplants
      - Intro
        
        dispersal = movement of individuals/gametes away from area of origin/areas of high pop density
    - - can limit distribution of species
        
        e.g. presence of predators
    - - Water + Oxygen
      - Salinity
      - Temperature
      - Sunlight
      - Intro
        
        can limit species distribution/survival
      - Rocks and Soil
  - - - temperate broadleaf forest = supported by some north american regions
      - climograph = plot of annual mean temp and precipitation of an area
    - - most named for major climatic features + vegetation
        
        canopy = tops of trees in a forest
        
        northern coniferous forest = also called taiga; found in north america
    - - Biomes = major life zones
        
        characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment
    - - disturbance = event that changes a community + alters resource availability
        
        e.g. hurricanes and storms
        
        disturbance can be crucial
        
        key element in savannas, chapparal, + coniferous forests
      - biomes
        
        tropical forest
        
        desert
        
        savanna
        
        chaparral
        
        temperate grassland
        
        northern coniferous forest
        
        temperate broadleaf forest
        
        tundra
  - - - rapid evolution can cause rapid ecological change
  - - - Bodies of Water
        
        ocean current influences climate along coasts
        
        oceans + lakes moderate climate of nearby land
      - Mountains
        
        influence airflow over land
        
        affect sunlight reaches an area
      - Seasonality
        
        produced by changing of angle of sun on earth
    - - organisms can affect climate
        
        transpiration = evaporative loss of water from a plant
        
        cools plant's surface
        
        leads to cooling of earth's temperature
    - - largely determined by solar energy input
        
        sun warms air, land, water
        
        causes temp variations + air/water movement + evaporation
        
        causes climate change
    - - microclimate = very fine, localized patterns in climatic conditions.
    - - climate = longterm prevailing weather conditions in an area
    - - climate change = directional change to global climate that lasts 3+ decades
- - - - Migration = regular, long-distance change in location
        
        Navigation methods
        
        Position relative to sun
        
        North star
        
        Position relative to magnetic field
    - - Circadian rhythm = daily cycle of rest and activity
        
        e.g. sleep
      - Circannual rhythm = linked yearly cycle of seasons
        
        e.g. migration, reproduction
      - Some behavior linked to lunar cycle
        
        e.g. crab claw development/reproduction
    - - Fixed action pattern = sequence of unlearned acts
        
        Directly linked to simple stimulus
        
        Trigger = sign stimulus; external cue
    - - Intro
        
        Communication = transmission + reception of signals between animals
        
        Signal = stimulus transmitted from one organism to another
      - Forms of Communication
        
        4 common modes
        
        chemical
        
        tactile
        
        visual
        
        auditory
      - Pheremones
        
        Emitted by animals that use taste/odor to communicate
        
        Often used in courtship
    - - Behavior = sum of organism's responses to stimuli
        
        Behavior study: 4 questions
        
        How does experience affect response?
        
        How does behavior aid survival/reproduction?
        
        What stimulus triggers behavior?
        
        What is behavior's evolutionary history?
        
        Causation
        
        Proximate Causation
        
        How behavior occurs/is modified
        
        Ultimate Causation
        
        Why behavior occurs
        
        Behavioral Ecology = study of ecological/evolutionary bases for behavior
  - - - Cross-fostering study
        
        Young of one species placed in care of another species
        
        Takes place in same/similar environment
    - - Intro
        
        Learning = Change of behavior due to specific experiences
      - Imprinting
        
        Development of log-lasting behavioral response to individual/object
        
        Sensitive period = specific time period imprinting takes place
        
        e.g. period where young imprint on parent
      - Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps
        
        spacial learning = establishment of memory of environment's spacial structure
        
        cognitive map = rep in nervous system of spatial relationships between objects + surroundings
      - Associative Learning
        
        associate learning = building relations between environmental factors/experiences
        
        e.g. associating color with taste
      - Cognition and Problem Solving
        
        cognition = process of knowing
        
        involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment
        
        Problem solving = devising method to proceed in face of obstacles
      - Development of Learned Behaviors
        
        Some behaviors develop gradually
        
        e.g. song learning in bird species
      - Social Learning
        
        Social learning = observing + interpreting behaviors + consequences
        
        forms roots of culture
        
        culture = system of info transfer thru social learning/teaching
        
        influences individual behavior in pop
    - - Innate behavior = fixed, performed ocnsistently
  - - - Balancing Risk and Reward
      - Optimal Foraging Model
    - - Mating Systems, parental care
      - Sexual Selection, Mate Choice
        
        Mate Choice by Females
        
        Male Competition for Mates
      - Mating Systems, Sexual Dimorphism
      - Applying Game Theory
  - - - Hamilton's Rule and Kin Selection
      - Intro
      - Reciprocal Altruism
    - - Case Study
      - Case Study
      - Case Study