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Individual theories in informing policy development - Coggle Diagram
Individual theories in informing policy development
Operant conditioning
POLICY: Token Economy
Giving rewards to inmates for good behaviour and punishing bad behaviour. For example, more time outside or taking away time outside.
POS: Gives inmates the initiative and motivation to act well in prison
POS: Mirrors the outside world and allows them to feel part of society
Neg: If someone is in prison for a long time, they may have no desire to act good because they have no chance of release.
Neg: Prisoners that are released may have no motivation to act in the same way
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
To reinforce good behaviour and discourage unwanted behaviour
Freud's Psychodynamic mind
POLICY: Psychoanalysis
Pos: Evidence to suggest it works as well as cognitive behavior therapy
Pos:To be avoided with offenders - it can help hone psychoticism and manipulation of emotions
Neg: least favoured
Neg: Expensive + time consuming
Neg: ethical issue due to power imbalance between client/patient
Ego - goodness
Superrgo - rationaisation
Id - instinct
Eyesenk - personality
POLICY: Aversion therapy. Patients are presented with 'deviant stimuli' (e.g pills) but they are given 'aversive stimulus' (vomit inducing pills) to give patients a different association to the stimuli.
Based on Eyesenk's idea that some personalities are impossible to condition in a conventional way
It has shown promise in treating substance abuse disorders, compulsive behaviors like gambling, and specific phobias where the individual is motivated to change. REHAB
Ethically unsound, in contemporary society it wouldn't be legal.
It can disprove Eyesenk's idea that personalities aren't malleable.
In case-by-case situations (e.g child pornography), it could have an adverse effect
Psychoticism
Neuroticism - stable
Introversion - extraversion
Studies found inmates were more likely to be neurotic and extraverted.
SLT
The idea that we learn behaviours off other people (role models)
POLICY: Buddy system.
Conditioning young offenders means that they are more malleable and easier to condition than someone who has been a habitual drug user for 15 years.
Someone who is stern and unwilling to change their ways will not be conditioned.
Conditioning young offenders means that it is unlikely they will reoffend,
A 35-year follow-up study found that among participants who had no prior arrests before joining the program, significantly more female participants were arrested as adults compared to the control group,
Bandura:
Hypothesis 1 – Observed aggressive behaviour will be imitated so children seeing aggressive models will be more aggressive than those seeing a non-aggressive model or no model
Hypothesis 2 – Observed non-aggressive behaviour will be imitated, so children seeing non-aggressive models will be less aggressive than those seeing no model
Hypothesis 3 – children are more likely to copy a same-sex model
Hypothesis 4 – Boys will be more likely to copy aggression
than girls