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animal physiology I: life support systems - Coggle Diagram
animal physiology I: life support systems
sectional views and directional terms
anatomical position
standard position for describing the locations of the body
rarely used
directional terms
used to describe where one location of the body is relative to another
ventral + anterior
dorsal+ posterior
superior
closer to the top
medial
closer to the midline
rostral + cranial
four-legged animal
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deep
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anterior
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lateral
farther from the midline
inferior
closer to the bottom
toward the back
toward the front
towards the belly
planes
coronal/ frontal
divides the front of the body from the back
transverse
divides the upper and lower parts of the body
midsagittal
divides the body on the midline
sagittal
divides the left side from the right side
cardiovascular + circulatory system
heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
septum
atria
ventricles
bicuspid (mitral) valve
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
prevents backflows of blood from the ventricles into the atria
where oxygenated blood collects
tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
having to do with the lungs
divides the heart into right and left halves
prevents the mix of o2 and deo2 blood
types of circulation
single circulation
double circulation
amphibians + reptiles w/ incomplete septum
animals and mammals with septum
fish with gills and capillaries
pump blood, transport material throughout the body
heart rate
cardiac cycle
stethoscope
blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
electrocardiogram (ECG)
normal reading
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displays the electrical activity of the heart
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asystole
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used to measure blood pressure
measure of how much force the blood us pushing against the walls of the arteries
used to listen to heartbeat or other faint sounds of the body
series of events that happens each time the heart fills with blood and contracts to pust it out
systole
contracted
atrial systole + ventricular diastole
atria contract pushing blood into the ventricles
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diastole
relaxed
beats per minute
respiratory system
gas exchange
simple invertebrates
respire through their skin, arthropods through spiracles & trachea or book lungs
aquatic vertebrates
use gills or simple lungs
terrestrial vertebrates
use complex lungs containing alveoli
tiny sacs surrounded by many capillaries
surfactant
non-polar compound secreted in the alveoli to prevent the sacs from collapsing + sticking together
smoking reduces surfactant production
nose, nasal cavity + pharynx
epiglottis
cartilage flap in the throat
directs food + liquids to the esophagus + air to the trachea
trachea
bronchi (2)
bronchioles
split into smaller pathways until ending at clusters of alveoli
spirometer
tidal volume
expiratory reserve
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amount of air inhaled + exhaled normally
vital capacity
residual volume
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max amount of air that can be blown out after a maximally forced inhalation
inspiratory reserve
volume of air that can inhaled beyond a normal inspiration
act of breathing
mostly done by diaphragm
flat sheet of muscle below the lungs
volume of the cavity increases (diaphragm contracts) in inspiration
pressure decreases that pulls the lungs open
negative pressure
positive pressure
"gulping" in air = forced in lungs
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drawing in air = sucking in air
amphibians + birds
volume of the cavity decreases (diaphragm relaxes) in expiration
pressure increases that pushes air out the lungs
digestive system
take in foodstuff, break them down, absorb nutrients, + expel non-digested food
accessory digestive organs
liver
gallbladder
hepatic portal
intoxication
occurs when toxins overwhelm the liver
where nutrient rich blood from the small intestine travels to the liver
bile stored here
if removed then you might need to eat less fatty foods since it can cause discomfort
helps emulsify fats
produces bile
digestive adaptations in animals
ruminants
digestive tract is modified to deal with plant diet
herbivorous mammals
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
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pancreas
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where most chemical digestion of chyme takes place
gall bladder
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with acid to denature proteins
bolus turns to chyme
muscular tube that moves bolus via peristalsis
where bolus swallowed
epiglottis
keeps bolus from going to lungs
forms bolus + most physical digestion starts here & chemical digestion (salivary amylase)
urinary system
urine
water + waste product filtered from the blodd
can indicate components of person's blood without having to draw and test it directly
urea
waste byproduct from protein nitrogenous waste
urinalysis
analysis of urine to check for the presence of abnormal substances
abnormal pH or specific gravity
kidney disorder
positive glucose result
high blood sugar, diabetes
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
tube for urine to exit the body
diuresis
to urinate
antidiueretics
influence kidneys to retain more water
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storage chamber for urine
tubes connecting kidneys to the bladder
selectively filter wastes from the blood
nephron
medulla
blood pressure pushes plasma + solute from blood into capsule
forms filtrate
pushed thru nephron tubule
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