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Henry VIII Foreign Policy Up to 1529 - Coggle Diagram
Henry VIII Foreign Policy Up to 1529
Early Campaigns in France (1512-1514)
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- 1512 Aquitaine - Failed, as his army mutinied
1513 Therouanne and Tournai - was successful but these were soft targets
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Success:
Scottish defeat at Flodden decreased the risk of a French and Scottish joint invasion
Satisfied Henry's desire for military glory
Peace treaty secured by Wolsey secured some gains e.g. keeping control of the land gained by Henry, and arranging a marriage between Mary and Louis
Failure:
Brought limited success, came at significant financial cost
Impact:
Neither campaign actually served English interests, but they did satisfy Henry's desire for military glory
This, coupled with the fact that Ferdinand and Maximillian had both signed individual treaties with France, leaving England to fight France alone
He spent £960,000 between 1511 and 1513, with his annual income being a mere £110,000
Henry's Foreign Policy Aims
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Henry's principal desire was to recover the lost French Empire:
This was quite a naïve aim on Henry's behalf, with England's roles being nowhere near on par as those of France
Foreign Policy was disorganised and incoherent meaning that he could be easily manipulated
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Pavia and the invasion of France (1525)
SUCCESS:
Charles captured Francis at the Battle of Pavia
Henry had the chance to assert his claim to the French throne
FAILURE:
Plan to assert claim to the French throne failed, Wolsey failed to collect the tax due to the heavy taxation of previous campaigns
Charles refused to attack France, and annulled the marriage between Mary and himself as he no longer needed Henry's support
War With France (1521-22)
SUCCESS
Gained an ally in Charles, though this was shortlived
FAILIURE
Treaty of Bruges (1521), England agreed with the HRE to invade France, unless France made peace with Charles
England forced to send an army in 1523 and Charles abandoned England
Cost £400,000 and England was forced to make peace
Foreign Policy (1515-1521)
Within 4 years (1515-19) there was a new king of France (Francis I) and a new Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V)
Both were young and like Henry, wished to assert their power and influence. They both had more resources, and England would be unable to pose a serious challenge to them in Battle
Made worse by the fact that upon the death of Mary Tudor's husband, Francis I encouraged the Duke of Suffolk to marry her
England's position was increasingly weakened by the French victory at Marignano which gave France control of Milan
Henry attempted to create an anti-French alliance, but this failed upon the death of Ferdinand of Aragon when Charles I succeeded him and made peace with France.
England was sidelined as a treaty between Spain, France, and Emperor Maximillian, and they were forced to make peace with France via the Treaty of London
Treaty of London - October of 1518, as Henry turned instead towards peace, Wolsey hijacked a papal initiative to raise troops to fight the Turks, turning into an international peace treaty
Consequently, England was seen as the heart of diplomatic activity with over 20 European leaders signing the treaty
Success:
Treaty of London meant England was viewed as the diplomatic centre of Europe with over 20 countries signing the treaty
Failure:
New French King and HRE were all young men who sought glory
Marriage between Mary Tudor and Duke of Suffolk further weakened their position
Attempts to establish an anti-French alliance failed
Treaty of London was of little consequence as gains made in Tournai were sacrificed as part of the deal
Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520)
Englands shift towards a peaceful foreign policy continued
Francis and Charles were eager to secure England as an ally as war had broken out between the two of them
Charles came to England in May of 1520, and met Francis in Calais in June, one again establishing England as the centre of European diplomacy
At the meeting with Francis, a palace had been constructed for Henry
However, it had achieved little more than diplomatic value, costing a year's income
Not of significant success as it failed to reinforce the Treaty of London
SUCCESS:
France and Spain both wanted to secure England as an ally, somewhat strengthening England's position
Meetings ensured that England remained at the heart of European diplomacy
FAILURE:
Achieved little more than diplomatic value
Failed to reinforce the Treaty of London
Treaty of London (1518)
SUCCESS:
England viewed as important to European diplomacy
Each country signed separately with England
FAILURE:
Wolsey had to sacrifice earlier gains e.g. Tournai to the French
Undermined as the election of Charles I as HRE caused a shift in power balance
Foreign Policy (1521-1529) - War with France:
1521 Treaty of Bruges - Wolsey agreed with the emperor to invade France unless France made peace with Charles
England was forced to send an army to France in 1523
Charles soon abandoned his ally, he was more concerned with recapturing Milan, and the English army returned in disarray
Henry lost any and all prestige as a peace-maker and it had cost £400,000
Wolsey was forced to make peace
International situation changed as Charles captured Milan and the Battle of Pavia (February 1525) he also captured Francis
Henry saw this as an opportunity to assert claim to the French throne
Wolsey was ordered to raise the required funds, but was unable to raise the taxes to do so
Charles refused to attack France, annulling the planned marriage between Henry's daughter Mary and himself as he no longer required Henry's support
1525 marks a turning point, Charles failed to fulfill his side of the bargain by being a useful ally e.g. did not support Henry's search for a divorce, so Henry broke off the alliance
After 1526, Wolsey hoped to unite with France to destroy Hapsburg power in Italy
Partly why Henry VIII became sponsor of the anti-Hapsburg League of Cognac after 1526, but did not take concrete military action, so Wolsey failed to establish a clear stance
1527 Sack of Rome - Relations with France became increasingly intertwined, as it obliged Pope Clement II to 'live and die a Hapsburg'
Made a Papal Solution to Henry VIII succession problems less likely
Wolsey was obliged to commit to an alliance to avoid diplomatic isolation
January 1528 - at war with Charles, in an attempt to avoid all out war, so established trade Embargo with Burgundy
England had become reliant on the cloth market in Flanders
1527 - third worst harvest of the century, widespread unemployment
Embargo ended due to unrest
FAILURE
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Treaty of Cambrai, England only joined at the last minute
Indicative of reduced influence
Declared war on Spain in 1528, but no army was raised
The Kings 'Great Matter' and subsequent failure
SUCCESS:
1525 Treaty of More - treaty of friendship with France
Reinforced in 1527, by the Treaty of Westminster
Treaty of Amiens