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FUNCTIONALISM, FEMINISM, MARXISM, POSTMODERNIST, NEO - MARXISM - Coggle…
FUNCTIONALISM
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consensus theory - believes the institutions of society are working together to maintain social cohesion ad stability
structural theory - looks at how the social institutions influence the running of society and individuals behaviours
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anomie - feeling of normalessness where a person doesnt know what it means to be normal within society
DURKHEIM
- social facts - things like institutions, norms and values which exist external to the individual and constrain he individual
his ideas of society:
1) society shapes the individual - it is a top down theory where the institutions of society influence the behaviour of the individual
2) social solidarity socialisation and anomie - social solidarity and cohesion is achieved and maintained through socialisation process and learning of norms and values - without this society can fall into anomie
what is the organic analogy and who used it?
PARSONS
- society acts in a similar way to the human body through the way that social institutions interact in the same way as human arguing
3 similarities between society and biological organisms:
1) system - society and humans are systems of interconnected and the inter-dependent parts which function for the good of the whole
2) system needs - organisms like the human body have needs that need to be met and so does society - social institutions have evolved to meet society's needs
2) functions - just as the organs of the Boyd function for the good of the whole, so do social institutions, which have evolved functions which benefit society as a whole
2 means of maintaining value consensus and social order
1 - formal social control - official groups who enforce society's laws such as CJS and the police
2 - informal social control - other social groups like family and peers who keep us in line through punishment and ostracisation
4 basic needs of society
GOAL ATTAINMENT (political function) - societies set goals and decisions about how power and economic resources are allocated ADAPTION (economic function) - every society has to provide for the needs of its members in order for the society to survive INTEGRATION (social harmony) - specialist institutions develop to reduce conflict in society - e.g. education and media create sense of belonging LATENCY - the unstated consequences of actions - there are 2 types of latency:
- pattern maintenance - maintaining value consensus through socialisation
- tension management - opportunities to release tension in a safe way
manifest function = the intended function of a social institution
example = the rain dance performed by the Hopi Indians with intention of making it rain
latent function = the unintended function of a social institution
example = also Hopi Indians, the rain dance also helps to maintain social solidarity
FEMINISM
liberal feminism
- believes that equality should be brought about through education and policy changes - they try to change the system from within
- OAKLEY AND SHARPE
evaluation
- overly optimistic about the amount of progress that has been made
- deals with the effects of patriarchy not the causes
radical feminism
- believe equality can only be achieved through gender separation and political lesbianism
- change is brought through protest and violence
- GERMAINE, GREER
- gives other forms of feminism a bad reputation
- in this theory gender equality s never fully achieved
marxist feminism
- believe that capitalism is the cause of women's oppression and that this oppression helps to reinforce capitalism
- done in 3 ways:
- women as a reserve work force
- creation of the next gen of workers
- cushion effect - ZARETSKY
evaluation
- revolution is required for equality and it hasn't happened yet
- patriarchy exists in non-capitalist societies
- it is men not capitalism that benefit from women's oppression
intersectional feminism
- believes that other feminists create a false university of women's oppression, based on the experiences of western , MC white women
- different groups of women will experience oppression differently
JUDITH BUTLER
evaluation
- focuses on the minutia of oppression which lessens the impact and power in feminism as a whole
duel systems feminism
- combines the ideas of the radial and marxist feminists, and suggests that women are oppressed by 2 different systems:
- capitalism and patriarchy
evaluation
- patriarchy is not a system in the same way as capitalism, instead it is a descriptive term for practices such as male violence and control of women's labour
the belief in the social, economic and political equality of the sexes
malestream - viewing social phenomena mainstream and usual, fro the point of view of the man, without regard to gender
3 waves of feminism
1) early 1900s - suffragettes serving for women's votes
- Emmeline Pankhurt
2) 1960s - 'private made political' - gloria Steinem
- bringing women's issues into the public sphere such as abortion, contraception and domestic violence
3) 1990s - focus on issues such as gender representations in the media and sexual harassment
6 structures of patriarchy - WALBY
- the state - government run by men so policies ad laws tend to favour mens interests
- violence - men are able to use their physicality to intimidate women
- domestic labour - women still complete the majority of domestic labour even though there is no reason for this
- paid work - women earn less than men and they are overwhelmingly in low paid and part time work
- sexuality - the difference in how men and women' sexuality is perceived
- women are sluts, men are players
- culture - portrayal of women in culture and the media is often in a sec way or in a way that reinforces women's lower status
general features of feminism
- there are inequalities between men and women based on power and status
- inequalities create conflict between men and women
- gender roles and inequalities are generally socially constructed
- the importance of the concept of patriarchy - a system of social structures and practices which men dominate, oppress and exploit women
MARXISM
conflict theory - a theory that suggests that society is in conflict between certain groups - between social classes
alienation - the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the product of his/her own labour
false class consciousness - the way that the proletariat are led to believe their oppression by the bourgeoise is normal and that if they work hard they can become the bourgeoisie
5 stages of society - MARX
1) primitive communism - classless society
2) feudal society - landowners VS peasants
3) capitalist society - bourgeoisie VS proletariat
4) socialism - government owners VS workers
5) communism - classes society
marxist structure of capitalist society
TOP - superstructure - ideologies and structures of transfer
MIDDLE - means of production - natural resources, land, technology
BOTTOM - relations of productions - the people (workers vs owners)
features of a capitalist society
1) the proletariat are legally free and separated from the means of production
2) competition between capitalists lead to the means of production becoming concentrated
3) the proletariat do not receive the value of their goods that their labour produces, but only the cost of subsistence
features of communist society
1) collective ownership of the means of production and abolish of production for profit
2) stateless and classless society
3) reclaiming control over the workers labour and products they create (end alienation)
EVALUATION
over simplified - Marx focuses solely on class divisions within society but WEBER suggests that inequality can be caused by power and status independently of class structures
- FEMINISTS - agues there is more inequality between genders than classes
- the 2 class system is over simplistic - currently suggests that there are 7 classes in Britain society
economic determinism - his whole system is based on economics + the view that economic factors are the sole cause of everything in society, from inequality to social change
WEBER - marxism completely ignores the roles of ideas in society change - e.g. Calvinsim's role in the rise of capitalismlack of revolution - the revolution that he said would cause the development to a communist society has yet to occur and he was very vague on the conditions that would eventually lead to this revolution
- he also suggests that revolution would occur in the most advance capitalist societies and yet it has been the most backward countries (Russia and Cuba) that have seen Marxist revolutions
out of date - capitalism has become as exploitative as it was during the Industrial Revolution - Keynesian Economics has led to more government oversight of businesses and the development of welfare states
- a number of social institutions have become autonomous from the bourgeoisie - the media have become critical of the elite
POSTMODERNIST
late modernity
- argue that we are not entering a new era of postmodernism but instead are being a continuation of modernity
- recognise that something important is happening but the elements of modernity are still present
- believe that we can use the enlightenment project to improve society
GIDDENS - key features of late modernity
1) DISEMBEDDING - we no longer need face to face contact in order to interact
- there is a break down of geographical boarders, making interaction more impersona
2) REFLEXIVITY - we are continually re-evaluating our ideas and theories, noting is fixed or permanent and everything is up to challenge l
BECK - risk society
manufactured risk - the risks that we face today have been created by human activity rather than by nature
individualisation - we are no longer governed by tradition in terms of how we act, instead we think for ourselves and reflect on the possible consequences of our actions
risk consciousness - we have become much more aware of risks to ourselves than we ever used to be and work to avoid and minimise them
EVALUATION
RUSTIN
- capitalism not technology is the cause of risk in modern society
HIRST
- movements such as environmentalism are unable to bring about the change that BECK suggests are too fragmented
RISK + THE POOR
- not everyone has the option to minimise the risk that they are faced with, the poor don't always have the means to do this
postmodernism - is characterised by instability and fragmentation within a global village where image and reality are indistinguishable
- we are defined by what we consume, It is a completely new era of society and new theory
LYOTARD - language games
- knowledge is not about truth, it is but a way of seeing the world
- this is preferable as it allows marginalised groups to be heard
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EVALUATION
PHILO AND MILLER
- it ignores power and inequality
- overlooks the role of poverty in restricting opportunities
- wrong to assume people cannot differentiate between reality and image
BEST AND KELLNER
- weak theory as it explains how society is but fails to explain how they came about
ENLIGHTENMENT PROJECT - postmodernism is pessimistic about the enlightenment project, suggesting that their view of objective knowledge is impossible and nothing can be done to change or improve society
4 characteristics of a modern society
1) NATION STATE - the key political unit of modern society - a geographical area ruled by a powerful central state 2) CAPITALISM - private ownership of the means of production and the use of wage labourers 3) RATIONALITY - science and technology are the dominate way of thinking - the move away from religious explanations 4) INDIVIDUALISM - greater personal freedom and the break from traditional and ascribed status
- although structural inequalities still remain
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4 changes of globalisation
1) TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES - new technologies have cerated a time-space compression but also created greater risk like global warming 2) ECONOMIC CHANGES - economic activity now takes place on a global scale and includes the electronic economy - money never sleeps3) POLITICAL CHANGES - globalisation has undermined the power of the nation state - we now live in a borderless world - Ohmae
- TNC have more power than the government
4) CHANGES IN CULTURE AND IDENTITY - we live in a global culture created by mass media that had led to the westernisation of the world
meta narrative - the big picture, a singular truth which explains the world around us
relativity position - all views are true for the people who hold them, no one has a monopoly on the truth
NEO - MARXISM
humanistic neo-marxism
- GRAMSCI'S concept of hegemony means the dominance in society of the ruling class ideology and the acceptance of by the rest of society
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ruling class dominance is maintained by...
1) coercion - the use of the army, police and other governed agencies to force other classes to accept ruling class ideology
2) consent - uses ideas and values to persuade the other classes that ruling class ideology is legitimate
organic intellectuals - class conscious workers who organise themselves into a revolutionary political part who will help to create the counter hegemony
reasons why ruling class hegemony is never complete
1) ruling class are the minority - to maintain their rule they must create a power bloc (alliances) with other groups such as MC
2) duel consciousness - WC can see through the dominant ideology to a certain extent - they are influenced by the bourgeoisie ideas but also by their material conditions
ruling class dominance is maintained by...
1) coercion - the use of the army, police and other governed agencies to force other classes to accept ruling class ideology
2) consent - uses ideas and values to persuade the other classes that ruling class ideology is legitimate
structural neo-Marxism
state apparatus
1) repressive state apparatus - armies of men, police, CJS, military, coercion
2) ideological state apparatus - media, educaiton, family etc manipulation
3 levels of structural determinism
1) economic level - all activities which produce something to meet a need - dominates capitalism
2) political level - all forms of organisation including the RSA's which coerce workers into the false class consciousness
3) ideological level - the ways people see themselves and the world, including ISA's which socialise and manipulate people into FCC
relative autonomy - partial autonomy from the economic level
- means that the political and ideological levels are more than a reflection of the economic level but there is in fact 2 way casualty
- economic level dominates in capitalism but the political and ideological functions are indispensable as well
requirements for socialism to come about
- humanistic neo-marxism - counter hegemony created by the WC to overthrow the cultural hegemony of the ruling class
- structural neo-marxism
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