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CHAPTER 1: An Overview, CHAPTER 2: Technical description, CHAPTER 3:…

- - - - Each subsystem is designed to achieve one or more organizational goals
- - - - capture = collection transaction data and enter them into the system
        
        triggered (kích hoạt) by a business
        activity.
      - Data must be collected about three facets (khía cạnh) of each business activity
        
        Each activity of interest (quan tâm)
        
        The resource(s) (nguồn lực) affected by each activity
        
        The people who participate in each activity
    - - Source documents
      - Turnaround (chuyển đổi) documents
      - Source data automation (tự động hóa)
  - - - Reading, retrieving (truy xuất), or viewing existing data (dự liệu hiện có)
      - Updating previously stored data
      - Creating new data records
      - Deleting data
  - - - report
      - query response (câu trả lời truy vấn)
      - document
- - - - Sharing knowledge
      - Enhancing decision-making
        
        Reducing uncertainty by providing a basis for choosing between alternatives
        
        Storing feedback from previous decisions to improve future outcomes (kết quả)
        
        Identifying situations requiring management action
        
        Providing accurate and timely information
      - Improving the supply chain
      - Improving efficiency
      - Improving quality and reducing
        costs
  - - - Production or conversion (chuyển đổi) cycle
      - The human resources (nhân lực)/ payroll (tiền lương) cycle
      - The expenditure cycle
      - The financing cycle
      - The revenue cycle
- - - - tables
        
        explain how a system works
        
        who, what, when, where, why
        
        how of data entry, data processing, data storage, information output, and system controls
      - flowcharts
      - narratives
      - diagrams
- - - - This is the highest level, providing a summary view of the system.
      - Data stores are not shown in the context diagram
- - - - Steps
        
        Identify entities and functions
        
        Design a column-based layout
        
        Understand the system to be documented
        
        Use standard symbols and draw the flow of documents
        
        Drafting (soạn thảo) and finalizing
        
        Labeling (ghi nhãn) and connecting
- - - - identify problems that preventive controls fail to prevent
        
        Ex: bank reconciliations (đối chiếu TK NH)
    - - to identify and correct problems and to recover from errors that have occurred
        
        Ex: maintaining backup copies (duy trì các bản sao lưu)
    - - prevent problems before they occur
        
        Ex: segregation of duties (phân chia NV)
- - - - Penetrate (P)
- - - - restrict (hạn chế) actions (such as reading or
        copying files)
    - - block the transmission of sensitive information outside the organization
  - - - protect personal information in testing environments
    - - based on the ten principles of GAPP
        
        Ex: Notice, Choice and Consent, Access...
  - - - key tool for protecting data at rest = stored and in transit (truyền tải)
    - - symmetric (đối xứng)
        
        fast, using a single key
      - asymmetric (bất đối xứng)
        
        using a public/private key pair
        
        create Digital signatures
        
        help ensure transaction nonrepudiation (không thể phủ nhận)
- - - - Header/trailer records ensure correct file update (e.g., batch count, totals)
    - - Prevent data loss or alteration during processing
  - - - Ex: đối chiếu sổ cái với sổ phụ
  - - - Use prenumbered documents to detect missing records
    - - limit checks
      - reasonableness tests
      - field checks
    - - System confirms entered data matches existing records
        
        Ex: Địa chỉ được tự động điền từ mã KH
- - - - Ex: raised floors, lightning protection (chống sét) systems, UPS
    - - Ex: RAID
  - - - defines the amount of data loss that is acceptable or must be re-entered
    - - defines the maximum acceptable time to restore systems
  - - - Instant (tức thì) replication = copy of data (zero/minimal data loss)
    - - Empty facility, ready for equipment (cheap, slow recovery)
    - - Fully equipped, ready to run (expensive, fast recovery)