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Digestive & Urinary System Jade Mellin - Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Jade Mellin - Period 3
Major functions of the digestive system
Breaks down food into nutrients
Absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
Eliminates solid waste
Provides energy for body functions
Major functions of the urinary system
Filters blood and removes wastes
Regulates water balance
Maintains electrolyte balance (Na⁺, K⁺, etc.)
Controls pH balance
Produces urine
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth (teeth, tongue)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large intestine (colon)
Rectum & anus
Accessory organs:
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Digestive enzymes
Amylase – breaks down carbohydrates → sugars
Pepsin – breaks down proteins → peptides (stomach)
Lipase – breaks down fats → fatty acids + glycerol
Trypsin – continues protein digestion (small intestine)
Maltase / Lactase / Sucrase – break disaccharides → simple sugars
Digestion & Absorption (Macromolecules)
Carbohydrates
Digestion: mouth (amylase), small intestine
Absorption: small intestine (villi)
Proteins
Digestion: stomach (pepsin), small intestine (trypsin)
Absorption: small intestine
Fats (Lipids)
Digestion: small intestine (bile + lipase)
Absorption: small intestine (lacteals)
Nucleic acids
Digestion: small intestine
Absorption: small intestine
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa – innermost layer, absorption + secretion
Submucosa – blood vessels, nerves
Muscularis – muscle movement (peristalsis)
Serosa – outer protective layer
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Glomerulus – filters blood
Bowman’s capsule – collects filtrate
Proximal tubule – reabsorbs nutrients & water
Loop of Henle – concentrates urine
Distal tubule – adjusts salt balance
Collecting duct – final water reabsorption → urine formation
Processes:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Digestive System Disorders
Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking bile flow
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) – stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing heartburn and irritation
IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) – chronic inflammation of the digestive tract (includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)
Peptic Ulcers – open sores in the stomach or small intestine lining caused by acid or bacteria
Colon Disease – disorders affecting the large intestine, leading to problems like inflammation, pain, or abnormal bowel movements
Urinary System Disorders
Bladder Cancer – abnormal growth of cancer cells in the bladder lining
UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) – bacterial infection in the urinary tract causing pain and burning during urination
Kidney Stones – hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can block urine flow, causing severe pain