Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 'Normal' structure
      - Downward hydroxide on Carbon 1
      - No 180* flipping on alternative monomers
    - - 'Alternative' structure
      - Upward hydroxide on Carbon 1
      - Alternative monomers flip 180*
  - - - A single sugar/glucose molecule
    - - Two sugar/glucose molecules joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction
    - - More than two sugar/glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds in condensation reactions
    - - A sugar such as maltose and lactose that can donate electrons or reduce another molecule or chemical
      - High amounts of a reducing sugar in a benedict's solution reaction after warming will result in a red solution, medium is orange, low is yellow and very low is green
    - - A sugar which does not have the ability to donate electrons and therefore reduce another molecule or chemical
      - In a Benedict's reaction test, there is no reaction after heating and the solution will stay blue
    - - A six carbon sugar/monosaccharide
    - - A five carbon sugar/monosaccharide
  - - - Formed from a straight chain of beta glucose molecules
      - Used in plant cell walls for structural purposes
    - - Used as the energy storage in plants
  - - - So does not alter the Water Potential of a cell
    - - 1-6 glycosidic bonds (rather than 1-4) forms branches
- - - - Only amino acid with sulfur as variable
    - - Smallest amino acid
  - - - Is a sequence or order of amino acids
      - Bonded only by peptide bonds between amino acids
    - - The sequence of amino acids begins to coil into an alpha helix or fold into a beta pleated sheet
      - Forms hydrogen bonds between O-H as well as the peptide bonds as seen before
    - - 3D shape of 1 polypeptide chain with a combination of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
      - Same bonds as before as well as:
        
        Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
        
        Ionic bonds between positive and negative variable 'R' groups
        
        Disulphide bonds between variable 'R' groups containing sulfur (covalent)
    - - The idea of 3D shape but it has more than one polypeptide chain
      - Hydrogen bonds between chains which are weak but have strength in numbers
  - - - These are functional such as enzymes
      - Haemoglobin is an example which is inside of RBCs and binds to oxygen
        
        It contains 4 polypeptide chains which each contain a haem group which contains iron, making it a conjugated protein
        
        This means a protein that contains a non-protein group
    - - These are structural such as collagen or keratin
      - It contains 3 polypeptide chains
      - About 1/3 of collagen is glycine (smallest AA) so we get tighter coils and therefore stronger structure
      - Collagen also has staggered ends to prevent a line of weakness
- - - - Glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails
      - The glycerol is bonded by ester bonds in a condensation reaction
        
        So the bond is between the H of the glycerol and the OH of each fatty acid tail
      - The 3 fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
      - Saturation
        
        If unsaturated it means there is at least one double bond between Cs within the tail
        
        If saturated it means that all bonds are single between Cs within the fatty acid tail
    - - Work as storage molecules in living things
      - The more fatty acid tails stored, the more bonds, the more energy released when bonds are broken
      - They are insoluble, so will not affect Water Potential of cells
  - - - Phosphate group for a head that is hydrophillic
      - The same idea of a glycerol molecules bonded to fatty acid tails by ester bonds in a condensation reaction
      - But each phospholipid only has 2 tails rather than 3, meaning less ester bonds and less energy released if broken
      - The tails are still hydrophobic
    - - The membranes in all living things, forming either a bilayer or vesicle
        
        Vesicles which are used for endo/exocytosis
      - The hydrophilic phosphate head moves to the outside, hydrophilic fatty acid tails on inside (this happens on both sides - setup is copied)
  - - - Work as storage molecules for the living thing
      - Or helps to stabilise the membrane by limiting the movement of fatty acid tails
    - - Fits between fatty acid tails in a phospholipid bilayer & limits movement of tails
      - They are complex alcohol molecules, based on a four carbon ring structure with a hydroxyl group at one end
- - - - Allows fish to see in water
      - Sunlight can pass through so plants can photosynthesise
    - - Habitat for polar bears
      - Keeps water underneath
      - Insulates water to create habitat for fish
      - Hydrogen bonds allow open lattice to form
    - - Thermally stable to allow habitats for e.g. fish
      - Many hydrogen bonds so lots of energy needed to break them
    - - Cohesion is attraction between water molecules - a chain of water molecules
      - Adhesion is attraction between water molecules and something else, e.g. wall of xylem
      - Allows transport of water up xylem in plants
      - Allows buoyancy so things can float
      - Allows hydrostatic skeletons to form for e.g. jellyfish
      - Caused from attraction between positively charged H and negatively charged O