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YES Native Americans in the New Deal era 1933-1938. - Coggle Diagram
YES Native Americans in the New Deal era 1933-1938.
State government
HOWEVER, western states were concerned about a possible federal incursion, so Collier's ambitions were forced to change.
Political
Indian Citizenship Act 1924 gave citizenship/ franchise to all, but this wasn't necessarily good for what they wanted.
In hindsight, the positive impact of the Act was short lived due to world war 2 (largely due to allocation of funding) . After the war, assimilation and termination continued.
Wheeler-Howard Act unallocated lost land restored to tribes, instead expanded and created more reservations. In practice there was little return to self-government, separate federal court for NAs abandoned.
Wheeler-Howard Act was approved by 181 tribes, rejected by 76. Although approval wasn't necessary, it shows some positives.
2 million acres of land returned between 1934 and 1954, and sale of native land stopped.
Social
Wheeler-Howard Act reversed ban from 1883 on ceremonial dances, the Dance Order 1923, alongside other things which now allowed natives to freely practice their religion and better establish a cultural identity. This included allowing them to use the hallucinatory drug peyote, used in religious visions.
1938 consensus showed the NA population was now starting to increase.
On reservations, day schools increased from 132 to 226, and enrolment tripled by 1940
Economic
Wheeler-Howard Act established NA co-operation/ corporation (which???) to ensure resources were better managed. Act also provided greater funds.
The alphabet agency Civilian Conservation Corps employed 15,000 Native Americans in a special division.
The Pueblo Relief Act 1933 compensated the Pueblos for their loss of land after the 1924 act
The Navajo Livestock Reduction, introduced in 1933, reduced sheep count from 2 million to 600,000.
Organisations/ individuals
John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, advocated for the reversal of assimilation policy and allowing Natives to govern their own land, through the Indian Reorganisation Act 1934. HOWEVER, western states were concerned about a possible federal incursion, so Collier's ambitions were forced to change.
Federal government/ presidents
Strive for assimilation still strong, same as since the late 1800s.
The Meriam Report, created by Lewis Meriam in 1928, condemned allotment and the policy towards Native Americans. Similar views expressed by John Collier (above)
The Indian Reorganisation Act/ the Wheeler-Howard Act aimed to restore to Native Americans their land and resources, and the right for them to form organisations. Did this by establishing a credit system, granting certain rights for home rule, and provided vocational education
2 million acres of land returned between 1934 and 1954, and sale of native land stopped.
FDR net with Blackfeet in person in 1934, and was inducted into the tribe as 'Lone chief', showing the tribes respect for the President.