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Urban Book 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The segment of the hydrograph where discharge is decreasing and river levels are falling. Less steep than the rising limb because throughflow is being released relatively slowly into the channel
    - - The segment of the hydrograph when the storm begins and although it all doesn't immediately fall in the river, most of it eventually will. The steeper the rising limb, the faster the response to rainfall
  - - - Long time/length
      - Low peak/height
      - Gentle slope
    - - Short time/length
      - Steep slope
      - High peak/height
- - - - This is a shallow, vegetated basin that collects and absorbs runoff from imperious urban areas like rooftops + pavements
      - It helps reduce surface runoff volume and rate, encouraging infiltration and groundwater recharge
      - It can filter pollutants from the water, improving water quality before it reaches watercourses
      - Reduces peak discharge
      - Small scale
      - Low cost + maintenance
    - - A layer of vegetation planted on a roof, which absorbs rainwater, reducing the amount and speed of runoff
      - It helps in managing rainfall at the source and provides insulation to buildings as well as improving air quality and biodiversity by offering habitats for urban wildlife
      - Hard to retro fit
      - Issue with gradient
      - Issues with weight onto roof
    - - Act as natural sponges that trap and slowly release surface water, rain and floodwaters
      - They are crucial for reducing flood risk, enhancing water quality by filtering pollutants, and supporting biodiversity
      - Wetlands also provide valuable amenity spaces for communities
      - Large surface store
      - Evapotranspiration is high
    - - A shallow, vegetated channel designed to convey, treat and often infiltrate surface water runoff
      - Swales slow down the flow of water, reducing the risk of flooding and filter out pollutants through the vegetation and soil, thus improving water quality
      - Visually appealing and enhance urban green space
  - - - SUDS reduce the risk of flooding and erosion by controlling flow volumes and the frequency of surface water runoff
    - - SUDS can assist in the treatment of pollution in surface water runoff
    - - SUDS provide visual and community benefits for people
    - - SUDS enhance and create habitats for wildlife
  - - - Manage runoff volumes and flow rates, reducing the impact of urbanisation on flooding
      - Protect or enhance water quality
      - Are sympathetic to the environmental setting and the needs of the local community
      - Provide a habitat for wildlife alongside urban watercourses
      - Encourage natural groundwater recharge (allow water to percolate down through the ground to fill up groundwater stores)
- - - - Snow
      - Sleet
      - Hail
      - Rain
    - - the % of moisture in air
    - - Speed
      - Venturi effect
        
        Streets channel winds
    - - Urban heat island
        
        An urban area is significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activity
      - Concrete absorbs heat
      - Albedo
        
        Low albedo = less reflective and absorbs heat
        
        High albedo = more reflective, reflects heat
    - - Fog
      - Smog
        
        Bad air quality
  - - - Cities tend to be warmer than rural areas due to heat absorption by concrete, asphalt and buildings which store and release heat slowly
      - Heat is retained by buildings and roads, creating a dome of warm air
      - Less vegetation so less evaporation
      - Night time temps remain higher due to slow heat release
      - Larger cities experience stronger UHI effects due to high density buildings and traffic
      - Coastal cities may have milder UHI effects due to cooling sea breezes
      - Cities with more green spaces have reduced UHI effects
    - - Urban areas have more rainfall due to higher temps which increase convection
      - Pollutants in the air provide condensation nuclei, encouraging cloud formation
      - Thunderstorms are more common in cities, especially in summer
      - Larger cities see more intense storms due to stronger heat and pollution effects
      - Mountainous cities may experience orographic rainfall combined with urban-induced precipitation
      - Cities with fewer tall buildings have less rainfall as turbulence is reduced
    - - Fog - urban areas increase fog formation due to pollution particles acting as condensation nuclei
      - Thunderstorms - Warmer urban temps create stronger convection currents, leading to more storms
      - Industrial cities see more fog
    - - Buildings create friction, slowing windspeeds in city centres
      - Canyon effects of streets can funnel and speed up winds
      - High cities experience stronger wind tunnels
      - Lower cities have less wind disruption
      - Buildings act as a windbreak in shielded areas
    - - Urban areas have higher pollution levels due to traffic, industry and energy use
      - Smog can form, especially in warm, stagnant condtions
      - Poor air quality affects health, increasing respiratory diseases
    - - Plants/vegetation will give out moisture from transpiration
      - Interception
      - Store
      - Evapotranspiration
- - - - Throughfall
        
        Surface storage
        
        Infiltration
        
        Soil water storage
        
        Percolation
        
        Groundwater storage
        
        2 more items...
        
        Evaporation
        
        Throughflow
        
        Vegetation storage
        
        Transpiration
        
        Evaporation
        
        Surface run off
        
        Channel storage
        
        Channel flow
        
        River run off (output)
      - Evaporation