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Electricity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Their configuration makes the circuit function in totally different ways and needs to be studied in each particular case
        
        Series connection
        
        A connection in series happens when we place one component after another, so the positive terminal goes into the negative terminal
        
        Connecting batteries in series
        
        The energy provide is greater than when using only
        one battery
        
        The positive terminal is connected to
        the negative terminal of the next one
        
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        Connecting receptors in series
        
        The total resistance of the circuit is the result of adding all the resistances connected in the circuit
        
        It is derived from the voltage dropping as the sum of all individual voltage dropshaving the current be constant
        
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        Parallel connection
        
        A connection in parallel happens when connecting
        each component to one of the branches of the same conductor, so that all the components connect to the same positive or negative terminal
        
        Connecting batteries in parallel
        
        They must be of the same voltage
        
        They provide the same energy or the same voltage as one battery but for twice as long
        
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        Connecting receptors in parallel
        
        The total resistance of the circuit is the
        result of applying Ohm’s law
        
        The total current must be the sum of all divided currents, and the voltage is the same between the two common points
- - - - This shows that current and voltage are directly proportional for any given resistance
        
        Ohm’s law can be expressed in two other ways
        
        When we say we are solving a circuit, what we are doing is calculating the circuit’s current and voltage in each of the circuit’s components
        
        In this circuit, we know that
        the batteries produce 4.5 V to the light bulb
        
        Furthermore, we know that the bulb
        has a 220 Ω
        
        We calculate the circuit’s
        current in the following way
        
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        I = V/R ; R = V/I
- - - - Matter is made from atoms, we don't know exactly how they looks, but there are models
        
        Atoms are made of smaller particles
        
        Atoms have two parts
        
        Matter usually have a neutral charge because an atom of helium
        
        In some cases, the electrons move and we have matter with more electrons (charged negatively) and matter with more protons (charged positively)
        
        If you rub a pen with a cloth, the electrons move to the pen, giving them a negative charge
        
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        Nucleus
        
        They are constitude most from atom's mass, protons and neutrons
        
        Electrons
        
        They rotate around the nucleus and they have a negative charge
- - - - If you have two circuits, one with a spoon and other with a plastic ruler, the light will only come with the metal spoon
        
        Metal allows electricity current to pass trough it but plastic does not
        
        Conductors are materials that allow electric
        current to pass through them
        
        To produce a electric current there mus be an imbalance between two points of a conductour
        
        You need electrons in one point and not in the other
        
        The movement of the electrons stops when the charge is balanced
        
        This is a similar phenomenon to when we use a tube to connect
        two containers with different levels of liquid in them, the liquid moves from one to the other until the levels are the same in each container
        
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        Insulators are materials that don’t allow electric
        current to pass through them
- - - - There are two ways to produce light with electricity
        
        When the temperature increases because of the electric current
        
        When the increase in temperature is considerable,
        light begins to appear
        
        Incandescent and halogen bulbs are based on this phenomenon
        
        Electric resistors in some heating devices emit a red
        light when they heat up, but it isn’t sufficient to give much light
        
        When some gases react to carrying electricity
        
        Some gases emit light when they carry an electric
        current
        
        Fluorescent tubes and low-energy bulbs are based on this phenomenon
        
        They last longer and are
        more efficient than incandescent bulbs
    - - Motors transform electrical energy into motion
        
        They are based on the forces of attraction and repulsion between a magnet and a conductor wire placed in one or more loops inside it.
    - - Electrons crash into the atoms of the material they are flowing through
        
        Part of the energy that they transport is transformed into heat when they crash
        
        If the conductor wire is thin there are more collisions, If the conductor wire is long the electrons travel further
        
        The components used to produce heat are called resistors, which are just a conductor wire rolled into a spiral
        
        This is called the Joule effect
- - - - A voltmeter measures the electrical voltage
        
        To measure the voltage of a component you connect
        the voltmeter as shown in the image
        
        You only need a few electrons to measure voltage
        
        It can measure in volts, minivolts and you need to choose the appropied scale
        
        To measure the current through a receptor you connect it as shown in the image
        
        You also must select the appropriate scale depending on the current you want to measure
        
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    - - Charge is the amount of electricity stored in a object
        
        It's like the volume of water in a container
        
        It is represented by the letter "Q" and it's measure by coulombs
      - To understand voltage, current and resistance we can compare them a water-based system
        
        We sometimes use multiples or submultiples of these units of measurement
        
        Voltage can be expressed in millivolts (mV), current can be expressed in milliamperes or milliamps (mA) and resistances can be expressed in kiloohms (kΩ)
- - - - A lightbulb with wires don't won’t work without a flow of electrons to make it light up
        
        Generators
        
        Has two terminals, one positive and one negative
        
        When these terminals are connected with a conducting wire, electrons move through the wire from the negative terminal to the positive terminal
        
        When electrons move from the negative terminal to the positive therminal, we say hat electric current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
        
        This is called the conventional direction
        of current
        
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        Batteries
        
        They use chemical processes to
        generate the electric current
        
        They can be classified as low-medium
        environmentally friendly because their chemicals contaminate and require mining materials
        
        Alternators or dynamos
        
        They transform
        motion into electric current
        
        They can be classified as medium-high
        environmentally friendly because they are efficient but depends on the energy source driving them
        
        Photovoltaic solar cells
        
        They take energy from sunlight with no emissions
        during use
        
        They can be classified as very
        ecological
        
        Hydrogen cells
        
        They produce energy from oxygen in the air and
        hydrogen
        
        They are potentially very ecological as they only
        produce water as waste
        
        Receptors
        
        Are the components that transform electrical
        energy into another type of energy
        
        The electrons leave the generator, taking the energy with them and move round the circuit until they get back to the opposite terminal
        
        Control and protection components
        
        They stop, start or change the direction of the electric
        current
        
        A changeover switch
        
        A push button
        
        A switch
      - A switch
      - A wire conductor
      - A receptor
      - A generator
- - - - The different ways of obtaining it has a direct impact on nature, which makes us have to search alternative ways to generate electricity
        
        Some of the impacts are
        
        The impact produced by renewable sources is much less
        
        You also can this negative impact by using energy-efficient appliances at home and signing up for green energy to power our homes
        
        Acid rain
        
        Thermal power plants release sulfur and nitrogen oxides
        into the atmosphere, which, when mixed with rainwater, cause severe pollution in nearby forests
        
        Radioactive residuals
        
        Waste from nuclear power plants remains highly radioactive for thousands of years and during it's operation, it can have serious accidents
        
        Depletion of sources
        
        As limited resources, the exploitation of fossil
        fuels is leading to their depletion
        
        Global warming
        
        When fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, thereby raising the planet's temperature due to the increased greenhouse
        effect