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Develpoments in medicine - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Killed bacteria
    - - Thermometer
      - Metal
        
        Needles
      - Glass
        
        Microscope
    - - Doctors
        
        Travel more quickly
    - - Newspaper
        
        Spread ideas
    - - Gas
    - - Surgeons attempted new experimental surgeries
      - Chemists began to discover different chemicals
        
        that could have anaesthetic results in patients
        
        Ether
        
        Laughing gas
        
        Chloroform
        
        Induced a rapid sleeping state
        
        Was difficult to manage
        
        Cocaine
        
        Was used by Carl Koller as a anaesthetic
        
        Was only useful for minor operations
    - - Florence NIghtingale
        
        Led to improvements in the cleanliness of hospitals
      - Joseph Lister
        
        Experimented with carbolic acid
        
        If this was sprayedover a wound during surgery
        
        Gangrene would be prevented
      - W.S Halstead
        
        Used rubber gloves when operating
    - - women still held
      - Elizabeth Blackwell
        
        Was the first woman to qualify as a doctor
      - Florence Nightngale
        
        Cleanliness of hospitals
      - Mary Seacole
        
        Had impact on nursing
        
        Cleanliness of hospitals
    - - Industrialization,urbanization and population growth
        
        Had an impact on the role played by governments
      - Jhon Snow
        
        Had proven the link between
        
        Spread of cholera
        
        Polluted water supplies
      - Improve the quality of food
        
        Even to make some vaccinations compulsary
    - - Blood could not be stored
        
        As it would clot and become unusuable
    - - Louis Pasteur
        
        Developed 'germ theory'
        
        Said that tiny living organisms fall from the air and cause decay
        
        Led to the pausterization process of milk
        
        Developed vaccines to prevent
        
        Chicken pox
        
        Anthrax
        
        Rabies
        
        Cholera
      - Emil von Behring
        
        Find that some animals produce anti-toxins
        
        To fight harmful bacteria
      - Patrick Manson
        
        Mosquitos were 'carriers' of a warm that caused elephantiasis
      - Robert Koch
        
        Developed a method of isolating and growing bacteria to observe
      - Charles Chamberland
        
        Discovered that viruses organisms smaller than bacteria
    - - Edward Jenner
        
        Called his new preventive treatment ´vaccination´
      - Smallpox was a terrible disease
      - The disease not only killed people
  - - - Penicillin
        
        Early use
        
        Lister used it to treat an infection wound
        
        Mould discovered in the 19th century
        
        Alexander Fleming
        
        Found it by accident
        
        rediscovered Penicillan in 1925
        
        Experimented with the mould
        
        saw it could light infections
        
        Problem
        
        No financial supported to developed his ideas
      - Improvements to public health
        
        Welfare state
        
        free health care
        
        housing
        
        education
        
        employment
        
        Government action
        
        Governments helped improve public helath
        
        benefits planned after WW II
        
        NHS
        
        started in 1948
      - Combating disease
        
        Malaria
        
        Atebrin also used against malaria
        
        Investigate on mosquito bites
        
        Mepacrine helped limit malaria
        
        tetanus
        
        Very effective treatments
        
        Soldiers were inmunized against tetanus
      - Surgical techniques
        
        Burns treatments
        
        New techniques for severe bums
        
        Plastic surgery
        
        Reconstructive plastic surgery
        
        New skin grafts
        
        Blood transfutions
        
        Blood could be stored
        
        Blood could be transported quickly
        
        better blood transfution system
    - - Blood loss
        
        Benefits
        
        Blood could be stored
        
        Blood transfution
        
        Stored blood
        
        Blood storage
        
        Blood without cloting
        
        Separate liquid part of blood
      - Infections
        
        Causes
        
        carried bacteria
        
        Gas gangrene
        
        Bullets and shrapenel
        
        Treatments
        
        Saline help wounds
        
        Cutting away infected tissue
      - Surgery
        
        Plastic surgery
        
        Skin grafts
        
        Broken bones
        
        Thomas splint
        
        Broking femur survived
        
        New surgery
        
        Ear surgery
        
        Brain surgery
        
        Eye surgery
        
        Throat surgery
- - - - Understand what caused illness
      - Observation of the sick
      - body fluides
      - Phlegm
      - Blood
      - Black bile
      - Yellow bile
      - Imbalance of four humours
      - Theory followed for over one thousands years
    - - Observe patients
      - Symptomps
      - Diagnosis
      - Detailed notes
      - Prognosis
    - - Vomiting
      - Bleeding
      - Restore balance
      - Simple surgery
      - Purging
      - Herbal medicines
    - - collection of
        
        Treatises
        
        Mecial books
      - Amount of symptomps and treatments
      - Want people to look for natural resources
      - The importance of observe patients
        
        and record their symptomps
  - - - Sewer
      - Aqueducs
      - Public bath
    - - Opposites
      - four humors
    - - Hippocrates ideas continued
    - - Herbal medicines
  - - - "Medicine men"
      - Women
      - Midwifery
      - Key caregivers
    - - Ritual
      - Prayer
      - Herbs
      - Basic surgery
    - - Supernatural causes
      - Evil spirits
      - Natural causes
  - - - Had set up universities
      - Power had grown
      - Galen´s idea were discovered
    - - Large hospitals were built across the Islamic world
      - Sina
        
        Believed that theory was more important than practice
        
        and didn´t engage with surgery
    - - Spread from Asia to Europe
      - Flagellants
        
        Whipping themselves
        
        Ask people to repent
    - - Were not permitted to go to university
      - Key care providers
      - Midwives
      - Could not train to be professional doctors
    - - Bleeding the patient
      - Balance the humours
      - Astrology
      - Herbal medicine
- - - - With a red-hot iron
      - Boiling oil
    - - Stopped cauterizing wounds,instead would tie the ends of arteries
  - - - That blood is carried away from the heart by the arteries
        
        Is returned to it by the veins
        
        It is re-circulated around the body by the heart
- - - - Doctor's training had become more sophisticated