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Errors in Epidemiology - Coggle Diagram
Errors in Epidemiology
Confounding
To determine if confounding is present, researchers compare the Crude Measure to the Adjusted Measure
A common "rule of thumb" in epidemiology is that if the adjusted measure differs from the crude measure by more than 10%, confounding is considered present and must be controlled for.
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Confounding occurs when a third variable (the confounder) is associated with both the exposure and the outcome, making it look like the exposure is causing the outcome when it isn't (or vice versa).
If the Stratified measures (e.g., RR for Men and RR for Women) are similar to each other but different from the Crude measure (usually by >10%), confounding is present.
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Random error
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P value
It tells you the probability that the association you see happened because of "the luck of the draw" during sampling.
Bias
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Lead-Time Bias
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occurs when screening identifies a disease earlier than it would have been found through standard clinical symptoms, but the actual time of death is not changed.
Length-Time Bias
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occurs because screening is more likely to detect slow-growing, less aggressive cases than fast-growing, lethal ones
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