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chapter 44, chapter 45 - Coggle Diagram
chapter 44
Ammonia – A toxic nitrogenous waste (NH₃) produced from protein metabolism; requires lots of water to excrete.
Anhydrobiosis – A state where an organism survives extreme dehydration by essentially shutting down metabolism.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – A hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – A hormone that lowers blood pressure by reducing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Bowman’s capsule – A cup-shaped structure in the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
Collecting duct – The final part of the nephron where water reabsorption is regulated and urine is concentrated.
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Countercurrent multiplier system – A mechanism in the loop of Henle that creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla to concentrate urine.
Distal tubule – A segment of the nephron that regulates ions and pH and responds to hormones like ADH and aldosterone.
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) – A structure that regulates blood pressure and filtration rate via renin release.
Juxtamedullary nephron – A nephron with a long loop of Henle that extends deep into the medulla, crucial for concentrating urine.
Kidney – An organ that filters blood, regulates water and electrolyte balance, and produces urine.
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Metanephridium – Excretory organ in many invertebrates that filters body fluid and reabsorbs useful substances.
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Peritubular capillary – Capillaries surrounding nephron tubules where reabsorption and secretion occur.
Protonephridium – A network of tubules in simple animals with flame cells for excretion and osmoregulation.
Proximal tubule – The nephron segment where most reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients occurs.
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) – A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
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Vasa recta – Capillaries that run alongside the loop of Henle and help maintain the medullary gradient.
chapter 45
Adrenal gland – Endocrine glands on top of the kidneys that release hormones like epinephrine and cortisol.
Androgen – A group of male sex hormones (e.g., testosterone) that promote male traits.
Anterior pituitary – The front portion of the pituitary that produces and secretes many hormones (like GH, prolactin).
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – A hormone that helps the kidneys retain water, reducing urine output.
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Growth hormone (GH) – A hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.
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Hypothalamus – A brain region that links the nervous system to the endocrine system and controls the pituitary.
Local regulator – A signaling molecule that affects nearby cells rather than traveling through the bloodstream.
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Negative feedback – A control mechanism where a response reduces the initial stimulus (maintains stability).
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Nitric oxide (NO) – A gas that acts as a signaling molecule, causing blood vessels to relax.
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Oxytocin – A hormone involved in childbirth, milk release, and social bonding.
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Pheromone – A chemical signal released into the environment that affects other individuals of the same species.
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