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Animal Physiology Part 3 - Coggle Diagram
Animal Physiology Part 3
Urinary System Ch.44
What is osmoregulation?
Control of water + solute balance
maintains homeostasis
prevents dehydration
Ex: kidneys regulate water in blood
What are osmotic environments?
Hyperosmotic
higher solute outside
water leaves cell
ex: seawater vs fish
hypoosmotic
lower solute outside
water enters cell
ex: freshwater environment
Isoosmotic
equal concentration
no net movement
How do animals adapt to environments?
freshwater animals
gain water - dilute urine
ex: freshwater fish
marine animals
lose water - drink seawater
ex: tuna
terrestrial animals
conserve water
ex: humans
What are types of excretory system?
protonephridia
flame cells
flatworms
metanephridia
filter coelomic fluid
earthworms
Malpighian tubules
remove wastes from hemolymph
insects
kidneys
complex filtration
mammals
What nitrogen wastes do animals produce?
ammonia
very toxic, needs water
fish
urea
less toxic
mammals
uric acid
least toxic, conserves water
birds
What are the parts of the nephron?
glomerulus
filtration of blood
Bowman's Capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorbs nutrients
loop of Henle
water/salt balance
distal convoluted tubule
secretion of wastes/ions
Collecting Duct
final water reabsorption; forms urine
How is Kidney function regulated?
ADH
increases water reabsorption
ex: dehydration -> more ADH release
aldosterone
increases Na+ reabsorption
RAAS
regulates blood pressure
Endocrine System Ch.45
What is endocrine system?
hormone signaling system
regulates body functions
slower but longer-lasting than nervous system
ex: growth, metabolism
What are types of hormones
Protein-based hormones
water soluble
bind membrane receptors
fast response
ex: insulin lowers blood glucose
steroid hormone
lipid soluble
enter cell to affect DNA
slower response
ex: testosterone
How do hormones work?
bind to receptors
cause response
travel to target cells
ex: insulin -> cells take in glucose
Released into bloodstream
What is negative feedback?
maintain stable conditions hormone reduces its own production
hormone reduces its own production
ex: thyroid hormone regulation
What are major endocrine glands?
hypothalamus
controls pituitary
releases signaling hormones
pituitary gland
controls other glands
growth hormone
thyroid gland
produces T3/T4
increases metabolism
ex: faster energy use
parathyroid
regulates calcium
increases blood Ca2+
pancreas
insulin
lowers glucose
glucagon
raises glucose
ex: blood sugar balance
Gonads
testes -> testosterone
ovaries -> estrogen
ex: reproduction
How is blood glucose regulated?
high glucose
insulin -> lowers
low glucose
glucagon -> raises
ex: after eating vs fasting
How do hormones affect growth?
growth hormone
bone + tissue growth
thyroid hormones
development + metabolism
ex: childhood growth
What can go wrong?
diabetes
insulin problem
hyperthyroidism
too much hormone
hypothyroidism
too little hormone