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Animal Physioology Part 3 - Coggle Diagram
Animal Physioology Part 3
44.1
Osmoregulation
solute consentration and water gain/loss
osmolarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
osmoconformer
isosmotic with its surronding
marine animals
lives in water more concentrated than body fluids= lose water gain salt
small volume of urine, less concentrated than body fluids
osmoregulator
control internal osmolarity independent of that of external environment
freshwater animals
lives in water less concertrated than body fluids = gain water and lose salt
large volume of urine, less concentrated than body fluids
mammels
Anhydrobiosis
animal can surive if they dry up
tardigrade
44.2
types of exratory systems
ammonia
very toxic
need access to lots of water
aquatic species
urea
combines ammoial with carbon dioxide in the liver
high solubity in water, low toxicity
mammals
uric acid
incests land snails,reptiles, birds
non toxic, dissolve in water
little water loss, paste
44.3
filtration
filtrates from the blood, water and solutes cross membrane forming filtrate
reabsorption
epitheluim reclaims valuble substances from the filtrate and returns it to body
secretion
substances like toxins and excess ions are extracted from body fluids
excretion
urine leaving the body
protonoephridia
flatworms
network of dead end tubules that branch throught the body
flame bulbs cap each branch
cilia draws water through the flame bulb, realses filtrate
the filatrare moves outward and empties as urine
Annelids
earthworms
metanephridia
excretory and an osmoregulatory function
a ciliated funnel surrinds the interal openings of each metanphriduim
cilia beat, fluid is drawn into collecting tubeule, that has a storage bladder that opens to the outside
vertebrates and some chordrates
kidney
a pair of organs that transport and store urine
ureter
urine produced by kidney exits through the duct
urinary bladder
the 2 ureters drain into sac
urethra
urination- urine leaving body
44.4
nephron
each nephron has single long tubules as well as a ball of capillaries
glomerous filters blood
bowmans capsule
surronds the glomerus
filtration
proximal tubule
reabsorption of ions, water and valuable nutrients
descending Loop of henle
aquaporin proteins make transport permeable to water
Ascending loop of Henle
salt leaves
Distal tubule
K+ secreted into the filtrate, NaCl is reabsorbed from the filtrate
Collecting duct
processes the filtrate into urine
water reabsorption
Animals water/ urine
Vampire bats
consume lots of blood
kidneys excrete large dilute urine to take off
kindey shift to produce small amounts of unrine to save water
Birds and reptiles
cannot concentrate urine
main water conservation is having uric acid
the cloaca conseves fluid by reabsorbing water waste
Frshwater fish
large volumes of very dilute urine
salt conservation relies on the reabsorbtion of ions from the filtrate
Amphibeans
skin accumulates salts from active transport
Marine Bony fish
filtration rate is low and little urine is excreted
kidneys is to get rid of divalent ions by secretion
44.5
hormonal regulation
a combo of nervous and hormones manages the osmoregulatory function of the kidneys
ADH
release from the posterior pituitary bind to active surface of collecting duct
release more aquaporins= water recapture
alchol can inhibit ADH
excessive urinary water loss/ dehydration
less urine, more concentrated
RAAS
responds to the drop in blood volume
increases bp and blood volume
raise bp by na + water reabsorption
key hormone- aldosterone
ANP
opposes the RAAS
lowers BP
decreases Na reabsorption= more unine= lowering bp
gets rid of salts and water
Signaling
endocrine signaling
secreted mioluces go into blood stream and trigger responses in anywhere in the body
paracrine signaling
secreted moleculese diffuse locally and trigger a repsonse in neighborhood cells
autocrine signaling
secreted moluces diffuese localy and trigger a repsonse in cells that secrete them
synaptic signaling
neutransmitters diffuse across synape and trigger response in specific tissues
Neuroendcrine
neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses ianywhere in the body
phermones
chemicals that are released into the enviorment
ants
Endocrine
Thyroid glad
thyriod hormone- stimulates and maintains metabloic pressure,
Calcitonin - lowers blood calcuim levels
Parathyriod
PTH- raises bloof calcuim levels
Adrenal glands
on top of kidneys
adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine- raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activity
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticiods- raises blood glucose level
figt or flight
ovaries infemales
Estogen- stimulates uterine lining- sex characterisits
Progesterone
promotes uterine lining growth
Testes- Male
Androgens- support sperm formation
Pineal gland
melatonin- sleep cycle
Hypothalamus
hormoes relaesed from posterior pituitary, regulate anterior pituatary
Pituatary glans
posterior pituatary
oxytocin-contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
ADH
Anterior pituitary
FSH and LH- stimulate gonands
TSH- stimulate thyriod gland
ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex
growth hormone- stimulates growth and metabolic functions
prolactin- mammary glands- growth and mik
MSH
skin color
Pancrease
insuilin- lowers sugar levels
glucagon- raises blood sugar
Protein based hormones
water soluble
cannot cross cell membrane
bind to cell surface receptors
fast response short lasting
secondary messengers
insuiln, ADH, growth hormone
Steriod hormone
lipid soluble
diffuse through cell membrane
slow responce, long affect
directly affects gene expression
estrogen, testoseron, cortisol,progesterrn