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Animal Physiology part 3 - Coggle Diagram
Animal Physiology part 3
Urinary System Ch. 44
Osmoregulation 44,1
- controlled movement of water & solutes across plasma membrane
osmoconformer- Animals are isoosmotic w/ its surroundings (marine animals) Ex. Marine animals
osmoregulator-Animal controls internal osmolarity independent of its external environment Ex. Freshwater fish are hyperosmotic
1.Stenohaline- animal cannot tolerate substantial osmolarity change in external environment
2.Euryhaline- can survive large flucuations in external molarity
3.Anhydrobiosis- "life w/o water" a dormant state when habitats dry up (water bears)
Transport Epithelia- 1 or more layers of specialized epithelia cells that move particular solutes in controlled amounts often in tubular networks or channels connected to external environment Ex. nasal salt glands of marine birds
Excretory Systems & Nephron
Nephrons- functional units of kidney consisting of cortical nephrons that only reach a short distance
Juxtamedullary nephrons- deep extending nephrons essential for the production of urine and water conservation
Protonephridia (Platyhelminthes)- Network of dead-end tubules that branch throughout body
Metanephridia (Earthworm)- organs that collect fluid directly from coelom, found in each segment, and enveloped by capillary network
Malpighian tubules (Arthropods)- extend from dead-end tips immersed in hemolymph to openings in digestive tract
Kidneys (vertebrae)- tubules of kidney are arranged & organized in close relation to capillaries
Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia-common is aquatic animals, very toxic. Urea- common in land animals, low toxicity, high solubility, Uric Acid-common in insects' reptiles, and birds, less soluble, little water loss, acidic
1 Filtration (tubules collects filtrate from blood, 2 Reabsorption (epithelium reclaims valuable substances, 3 Secretion (other toxins & substances are added to contents), 4 Excretion (altered filtrate leaves body & System)
Glomerulus->Bowmans Capsule->proximal convoluted tubule->loop of henle->distale tubule-collecting duct
Hormone Regulation
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): ADH molecules released from posterior pituitary gland to activate membrane receptors of collecting ducts to add aquaporin proteins into membrane lining (more water recapture). ADH is an antidiuretic
Osmolarity rises above set point-> cells in hypothalamus trigger increase ADH release of posterior pituiitary
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone regulates kidney function by respinding to drop in blood volume/pressure by increasing water & NA+ reabsorption
JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) releases enzyme renin when bp drops which converts to angiotensin-> antiotensin II then triggering vasoconstriction (increasing BP, decreases blood flow to capillaries
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ADN): opposes RAAS in response to high bp in order to lower bp by inhibiting release of renin
Endocrine System Ch, 45
Endocrine Glands/ Hormone & Function
Hypothalamus: Releases and inhibits hormones that regulate anterior pituitary Ex. (Releasing Hormones)Growth hormone releasing hormone, Thyrotropin,Corticotropin, Gonadotropin, Prolactin, Inhibiting Hormones- Prolactin &Growth hormone
Pituitary (Anterior): FSH (follicle stimulating), GHS (gonad stimulating), TSH (stimulates thyroid), ACTH (stimulates adrenal cortex), Prolactin (mammary gland growth and milk stimulant), GH(growth and metabolism), MSH(affect melanocyte color)
Posterior: Oxytocin (contraction of uterus), vasopressin ADH (promotes water retension by kidneys)
Thyroid: Thyroid hormone t3 & t4 (maintain/stimulates metabolic processes, Calcitonin (deposits calcium blood->bones)
Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone( raises blood calcium by taking it from bones)
Adrenal (Medulla)-Epinephrin and Norepinephrin trigger flight or fligtht response
Adrenal Cortex: Mineralcorticoids(regulate ion balance), Glucortiocids(triggers breakdown of fat for ATP), Gonadicortoids( small amounts of sex hormones)
Pancreas: Insulin (causes blood-glucose to release causing higher bp), Glucagon (lowers bp and releases stored sugar in kiver to bloodstream)
Gonads: Pelvic cavity releases estrogen to promotes follicle development/ female characteristics & progestrone (keeps uterine lining intact). The Scrotum releases testosterone to stimulate sperm production and male charcteristics
Pineal: Melatonin tiggers sleepiness
Thymus: Thymosin triggers development & maturation of T cells
Sterioid-Based Hormones: Can travel through all membranes
Protein hormones: function via a key/fit mechanism by receptors
Functions: Stimulation (increases activity of cell), Inhibition (reduces/stops cellular activity), Agonists (increases the effect of another hormone), Antagonist: oppose effect of other hormone
Effects: Down regulation occurs when cells make fewer receptors after being overloaded by hormones. Up Regulation occurs when a hormone is not received very much, it makes more receptors=more sensitvity