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Chapter 9 & 10 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 9 & 10
10.1: Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere & 10.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
Light Dependent Reaction makes most ATP, regulates continuous light energy and O2 is produced, it also produces G3P a precursor to glucose.
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Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules.
An organism acquires the organic compounds it uses for energy and carbon skeletons by one of two major modes: autotrophic nutrition or heterotrophic nutrition
Autotrophs are "self feeders" they sustain themselves without eating other beings and they produce other molecules from CO2. They are the producers of the biosphere
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All green parts of a plant including unripened fruits include chloroplast, however the major sites of photosynthesis is in the leafs . Chloroplast is mainly in the cells of mesophyll, tissue of the interior leaf. enters the leaf, and exits, by way of microscopic pores called stomata
9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels and 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
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Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. However, it originated as a synonym for aerobic respiration because of the relationship of that process to organismal respiration, in which an animal breathes in oxygen. Thus, cellular respiration is often used to refer to the aerobic process, a practice we follow
Glycolysis (2 ATP molecules utilized) = break down glucose & no O2 regulation, Occurs in the cytoplasm
Pyruvate Oxidation = no regulation of O2, no ATP, Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Kerb Cycle (Citric Acid) = occurs in matrix of mitochondria, require oxygen
Oxidative Phosphorylation ( ETC + Chemiosmosis) = occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, require oxygen
The redox reaction is the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. In this reaction the loss of electrons from one substance is called oxidation, and adding electrons is known as reduction.
As is often the case in oxidation reactions, each electron travels with a proton—thus, as a hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atoms are not transferred directly to , but instead are usually passed first to an electron carrier, a coenzyme called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. This coenzyme suited as an electron carrier and its oxidized from NAD+ from NADH
NAD+ traps electrons from glucose, they take 2 electrons and 2 protons from a hydrogen atom oxidizes them and changes it from NAD+ to NADH.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has 2 major reactions. Energy investment phase and and Energy pay off stage.
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The energy pay off stage 4 ATP are synthesized, 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH, the small sugars are then oxidized to form 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O
10.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH & 10.4: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
hloroplasts are chemical factories powered by the sun. Their thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
Light is a form of energy known as electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy travels in rhythmic waves.
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C4 plants re so named because they preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its first product. When weather is hot and dry the C4 plant partially closes its stomata. However, sugar is still made because plants use a multistep process that operates even under low conditions
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