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imperial and colonial policy - Coggle Diagram
imperial and colonial policy
the Indian rebellion
ended the rule of the east India company, and created the Raj under British rule.
Britain became more cautious to respect Indian traditions and culture, considered too barbaric to be civilised.
greater respect for Indian princes- this was to get them on the British's side and have more traditional authority, for greater dominance and control of the people. doctrine of lapse abolished to gain the trust of the princes.
the vicroy ruled India on behalf of the sovereign and was aided by a small council of white British officials in office, and barred all Indians from taking high level jobs in government until 1930s.
Britain took advantage of the Hindu caste system and excentuated it in society.
reluctant imperialism
Britain drifted towards informal empire, being present in a colonies economy, but having no responsibilities of government or cost. fount it more efficient as still faced the benefits of profit and some control, but didn't have to be involved in the countries affairs.
china after the second opium war.
focus on trade and naval power, and less on the expensive annexation of new territories.
shift to new imperialism (1870)
a shift away from informal empire and the sudden desire to expand empire in terms of land and control over colonies.
great powers began to arise in Europe, and needed strategies and not allow them to acquire lands in which Britain had dominance
bought shares in the suez canal to stop the powers rinsing its profits----> started to have major strategic reformations
Disraeli vs Gladstone
Disraeli:
-pro-empire. very keen on expansion and annexation of territories.
-bought shares in the suez canal
-gave Queen Victoria the title of empress of India
Gladstone:
-only got involved when it was necessary and opposed aggressive expansion.
-didn't agree with the expansion of empire
-considered morality to be most important in empire.
the scramble for Africa
european powers suddenly began to race to acquire as much African territory as possible for raw materials and profits.
occupation in Egypt especially the Suez canal,
increased dominance in South Africa, annexing territories into the cape.
the Sudan Rebellion, attempts to end the Sudanese slave trade as a part of their moral crusade
The Berlin conference:
-aimed to secure the agreement that the basins of the Congo and the Niger rivers should remain neutral and open to all trade.
-the major powers made their claims to land and mapped out spheres of influence.
-ended with the general act being signed, it included:
all nations were permitted to trade at the basin of the Congo river
free trade in Africa
the powers in this area should do their best to protect indigineous people, and abolish the slave trade
if any further land was taken, signatories must be notified immediately incase they had any claims to the land.
no African representation at the conference, and European ministers mapped out spheres of influence without concern of natural borders, or ethnic/ linguistic divisions.
no African or Arab slave trades combatted in any way- claimed to be good but only there to support themselves.
European powers are mostly restricted to expanding along the cost.
by 1884, only 10% of land was occupied by europeanm powers, but by 1900, (()% of land no longer belonged to the indigenous populations.
settler colonies
Britain had official control over the land, and ruled by the crown, but they were governed by the British settlers rather than the British government.
Britain controlled defence and foreign policy
the great game
a political and diplomatic interaction between Britain and Russia in central Asia