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Topic 13: Biodiversity, Topic 8: Introduction to Ecology, Topic 7:…

- - - - High genetic diversity contributes to population resilience and resistance
  - - - This is the count of the different number of species in an area.
    - - this is species richness scaled for the relative abundance of organisms within each species.
    - - this is the diversity of different ecological roles of organisms in a space, the different niches filled.
- - - - This is the study of individual organisms and how they survive, what adaptations (morphological, physiological, behavioral)they might have or not have to do so.
    - - Population: organisms from the same species in the same area. Population ecology is the study of the size of the population, the distribution and the composition.
    - - Community: The different species (populations) that exist in a given area. Community ecology is the study of different populations in an area, and their interactions.
    - - Ecosystem: a region with many communities including the abiotic environment. Ecosystem ecology is the study of interactions between communities and their abiotic environment
    - - A landscape contains many different ecosystems in a given area. Landscape ecology is the study of exchange of nutrients, energy or organisms in between ecosystems
    - - Biosphere: part of the earth that can support life. Global ecology is the study of how earth-level events impact lower level ecology.
- - - - Robert paine first studied the effects of competition on mussel distribution. He removed barnacles from the upper intertidal and observed if mussels established. They did not
        
        Conclusion? THe limiting fact was NOT competition
      - Next, he sprayed existing mussels in the upper intertidal with water, testing if the abiotic conditions affected them. He sprayed them so that they would not dessicate, and so that they would cool down. They established! This means that mussels were limited by abiotic factors in the upper intertidal. (Organismal ecology)
    - - Here, paine studied if predation was what limited distribution. He prevented predation by removing seastars and by protecting the mussels. They were able to estbalish, meaning that this was the limiting factor -- community ecology
- - - - Herbacious species: high carbon allocation to photosyntehtic tissue
      - Shrubs: intermediate carbon allocation to both woody and photosyntehtic tissue
      - Trees allocate a majority of their carbon to woody tissues, structrual support. This is expensive and is likely to go in adverse conditions
        
        Types of trees + strategeis
        
        Deciduous trees: these lose their leaves in unfavorable conditions (cold, dry), and these trees grow in conditiosn with specifically unfavorable donctiions
        
        Evergreen trees do not lose their leaves, as their codnitions never get significantly more favorable.
        
        Can be needleleaved, or broadleafed in tropical conditions.
  - - - The seasonality of the axis of earth (means that parts of the year, parts of the earth get better angles of solar radiation and are hotter)
      - Hadley cycles, where hot air raises from the equator, falls a bit later due to cooling conditions, and returns hot AND dry air above that latititude (desert)
      - Solar radiation: some latitudes have better angles of solar radiaiton (more radiaiton over less area), resulting in heat.
    - - ocean currents drive hot water from the equator to coastlines, hotter water gets to the west coast of the Uk than the east coast of canda, making it hotter despite being the same lattitude
      - Rainshadow effect, where mountains causes hot air to raise and fall as water, resulting in high precipitation on one side, and none on the other.
      - West coasts usually have more precepitaton due to jet streams from the west to east, which bring wet air. through the west side
  - - - salinity
      - Water depth
      - Light penetration
      - water flow
- - - - A species is one that is reproductively isolated, and cannot interbreed to form viable and fertile offspring
        
        Pre-zygotic isolation
        
        Temporal isolation
        
        Mating at different times
        
        Habitat isolation
        
        Being in different habitats
        
        Mechanical isolation
        
        this is incompatible sexual organs
        
        Gamete isolation
        
        When egg and sperm are incompatible
        
        Behavioral isolation
        
        This is when the mating practises and behaviors are not compatible.
        
        Post-zygote reproductive isolations
        
        Hybrid fertility
        
        When the hybrid cannot reproduce
        
        Hybrid breakdown
        
        When organisms later on that are hybrid decreae in their viability
        
        Hybrid viability
        
        Hybrids cannot survive
        
        Drawbacks
        
        Extinct species
        
        Asexual species
        
        Regionally isolated species, will they reproduce?
        
        Will the hybrid breakdown in the future?
    - - That oranisms that have similar morphologies are the same species
        
        Drawbacks
        
        How do you classify the "same"
        
        Cryptic species -- look similar but have a major dissimilarity like different songs
        
        Natural variation -- some species are naturally appearing different from others (like black and white in the same species)
        
        Sexual dimorphism make different sexes of the same species appear different
        
        Phenotypic plasticity
        
        When the environment dictates the appearance of a plant
    - - This is when species are called species when they take over different ecological roles.
        
        Drawbacks
        
        how do you define a distinct ecological role?
    - - This is determining species by the smallest group on the phylogenetic tree (with DNA evidence).
        
        Drawbacks: we never know if we have the best tree
        
        DNA analysis of organisms can be expensive.
- - - - Allopatric speciation
        
        Dispersal event, colonizing a new area
        
        Vicariance event -- when the geography changes and seperates organisms from the same species (like a mountain,, river)
      - Sympatric speciation
        
        Occurs with no geographic barrier, gene flow reduced through change in behavior, or hance meeting (like meeting on a specific host plant, rather than another host plant)
- - - - Varies a lot over the population
      - Can be adaptable (ability survive disturbances)
      - Dependent on the environment
      - includes...
        
        Habitulation
        
        Learning to stop responding to a stimulus as it is not posing danger or harm
        
        Conditioning
        
        Responding to a stimulus in a predictable way, based on past events
  - - - this is the reason behind the behavior (the fitness increase or benefit to the organism behind why they did what they did)
    - - This is the physiological steps behidn HOW a behavior is executed (stimulus reached, physiological mechanisms, response)
- - - - Traplining: finding a path to a nutrient and then following that path till the day you DIE. Cons: you need to spend time learning the path :(
      - Directional growth: when plants sense and grow roots in teh direction of nutrients, beneficial because they efficiently get the best path to resources
      - The fungi way -- getting nutrients from the best path by solidifying
    - - Scrounger vs producer
      - Group vs solo hunt
      - Choosing prey that are less favorable, because you have the best shot of consuming them
  - - - Population density at the habitat (more organisms = more competition)
      - Phylogenetic compatbility - how compatible you are for the environment can you grow there?
      - The presense of other organisms that are cosystem engineers, or that are mutaulisms or predators, preventing or embracing new organisms.
    - - Piloting
        
        use landmarks, find old place
      - True navigation
        
        Actually getting to a pinpointed location despite never being there, using some sort of signals
      - compass
        
        When you move in the general direction (south, north, east, west)
  - - - Auditory
      - Tactile (touch)
      - Appearance (color)
      - Chemical
- - - - Ecosystem services is the venefits that the ecosystem provides to humans