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Settlement Dynamics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Constrained location theory
        
        intensive land use prevents expansion
        
        Previous land contamination renders cost of brown-site clean-up too high
        
        land prices too high for manufacturing due to high competition
      - Other factors
        
        Urban planning policies that demolished factories in slum areas. Companies recieve government incentives to relocate
        
        Severe inner city job loss, surplus labour in suburbs lead to new infrastructure and thriving factories for lower land cost and better quality of life for workers in suburbs
    - - movement from CBD outwards, creation of retail parks, urban superstores, online delivery
      - out of town shopping is accessible and creates jobs, though destroy greenfield sites, require car access, take trade from CBD and hurt small businesses + pollution
      - Case study: Trafford centre
    - - Land costs and building space
      - want for one central hospital rather than many small ones that cant offer every service
    - - Accessibility and size / cost of land
      - people travel further for secondary education + tertiary, where as primary school are more densely located
    - - space and congestion
  - - - Rise in car ownership, more congestion, CBD becomes less accessible
      - Encouraged out of town shopping
      - Land and investment cheaper in suburbs, so retail moves outwards, nicer environments
      - perception of area as dirty and unsafe
      - Developement in CBD expensive
  - - - Assumes equal movement, uniform land and free competition for space, in all direction
      - More sprawl with immigration
      - Most business is still in the CBD, and accessible
      - Areas of better housing is further outwards
    - - Maintains that most people have access to the CBD
      - Industry follows transport routes
      - High class develop around physical/ social features e.g on a river
      - Low class forced in less attractive areas
    - - Idea that Pop density falls the futher you get from the CBD
      - HICS
        
        Initial rise then decline in density as affluent people spread to more rural areas
      - LICS
        
        Continual density increase so gradient kept stable
        
        Due to low mobility and restriction of sprawl
        
        IIncrease car ownership has allowed for more sprawl + Suburban densities
  - - - Income
        
        HI, gated communities, choices of where to live, nice location
        
        LI, limited choices of where to live, perhaps close to a public transport
      - Age
        
        family grows, age, increasingly larger houses bought (HIC)
      - Race/ Ethnicity
        
        Clustering results in "ethnic villages"
        
        May also link to income as migrants come in and will have a lower income due to financial toll of move and additional factors ( refugee e.c.t)
        
        May locate closer to the CBD
    - - Housing market
        
        Housing supply should equal the demand but doesn't. Shortage of housing leads to price increase causing low income people force into informal settlements or urban periphery
      - Influence of family / friends
        
        People migrate to be closer to loved ones for comfort or suppors\t
      - Culture
        
        Even if they have the income, people may choose not to live in certain areas if not comfortable
      - Planning
        
        Urban planners account for a social mix so ghettos are not formed
      - Finance
        
        If access to mortgages is good, residential segregation wont be as severe
    - - Aims for more suitable and high quality living by putting people close to services, with good access and maintaining attractive living areas
    - - Patterns of different residential zones withing a city that reflects socio economic variations
- - - - Rural depopulation
      - Economy is no longer agricultural focused, due to mechanisation
      - Gentrification
      - Farm diversification (Airbnbs, venues, visitor centres)
      - Housing prices are too high - "original families" have to move out
      - Formation of suburbanised villages (rural areas within commuting distance)
      - Decline of rural services
      - Reduction of public transport- linked to the increase of car ownership
  - - - Remittances
      - Reduced unemployment (smaller population)
      - Less pressure on services (food, water, ect)
    - - Natural resources and land are often exploited by large companies
      - Development is often focused on the urban areas - rural areas are forgotten
      - Reduced agricultural production as there is not enough labour
      - Services closed as population decreases
      - Ageing population
- - - - Natural increase
      - Rural-urban push and pull factors
      - LICS:
        
        better healthcare
        
        plentiful food
        
        higher wages
        
        employment protections
        
        more government investment in urban areas
    - - Overcrowding
      - squatters (Makoko)
      - Lack of work availability
      - Pollution, uncontrolled waste disposal
      - Crime
      - improvement strategies
      - taxes, cant raise with many in poverty, government plans slowed
    - - tends to occurs in HICs, urban to rural migration
    - - outward growth of an urban area, engulfing rural areas
    - - people move back to the CBD, result of changing times, cash injections
    - - leads to people displaced, derelict sites, forced into slums
    - - urban redevelopement
      - places are adapted and regenerated
  - - - TNCs, manufcaturing outsourcedd to LICS
      - Communications: E.g phone and social media/ internet provide services from where ever you are in the world
      - Demographics: assosciate with population
        
        More migration or natural increase