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Exam 4, Major cations are NA, K, Ca, Mg, and H+ - Coggle Diagram
Exam 4
Fluid and Electrolytes
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intracellular space
stabilizing agent for cell, helps maintain shape and transport nutrients
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extracellular space
interstital fluid, sits in tissue around cell, also intravascular fluid
Regulation
Thirst center(hypothalamus), ADH, RAAS, Atrial natriuretic peptide
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I/O's
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Fluids 1200 ml, Foods 1000ml, metabolic products 30 ml
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Dehydration: excessive loss of water, prolonged sun exposure, excessive exercise, diarrhea, vomiting and burns
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Normal saline is an isotonic solution used for fluid replacement, stays in vascular space and does not cause fluid shifts
too much fluid, crackles and JVD, indicated fluid overload
Nutrition
Protein Status
Serum Albumin: most reliable indicator of long term protein status, maintains oncotic pressure
albumin is the most abundant protein, keeps fluid in vascular space
Low: leads to 3rd spacing, poor wound healing and hypotension
Healthy diet includes fat intakes less than 30%, less than 10% sat fats
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Diet progression: clear liquid (broth, jello, clear juices)
Full liquid: milk, pudding, cream based soups
Hyperkalemia: avoid bananas and apricots, dark leafy greens, alcholism commonly results in thiamine deficiency, deficiency can lead to wernickes encephalopathy
Acid/base balance
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Negative feedback occurs when reserves an original stimulus for the body to regain physiologic balance
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Pharamcology: loop diuretic; furosemide: causes excretion of sodium water and potassium: can cause hypokalemia
Thiazide diuretic, used for hypertension, less aggressive diuretic, can also cause hypokalemia
Major cations are NA, K, Ca, Mg, and H+
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Potassium is essential, hyperkalemia alters electrical activity and can cause lethal arrhythmias
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