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Environmental catastrophes are not isolated events, but the result of…

- - - - Industrial disasters
        
        exemplified by
        
        Flixborough
        
        exemplified by
        
        Seveso
        
        exemplified by
        
        Bhopal
    - - Oil disasters
        
        for instance
        
        Deepwater Horizon
        
        for instance
        
        Torrey Canyon
        
        for instance
        
        Exxon Valdez
    - - Nuclear disasters
        
        such as
        
        Fukushima
        
        such as
        
        Three Mile Island
        
        such as
        
        Chernobyl
    - - Community disasters
        
        exemplified by
        
        Lac-Mégantic
        
        exemplified by
        
        Plastimet Fire
        
        exemplified by
        
        Walkerton
- - - - Energy systems
        
        such as
        
        Nuclear energy
        
        such as
        
        Offshore drilling
        
        such as
        
        Oil extraction
    - - Transport systems
        
        involves
        
        Rail transport
        
        involves
        
        Pipelines
        
        involves
        
        Oil tankers
    - - Industrial production
        
        such as
        
        Waste disposal
        
        such as
        
        Agricultural runoff
        
        such as
        
        Chemical manufacturing
    - - High-risk environments
        
        characterized by
        
        Nuclear reactors
        
        characterized by
        
        Hazardous storage
        
        characterized by
        
        Deepwater drilling
- - - - Regulation
        
        includes
        
        Monitoring systems
        
        includes
        
        Safety standards
        
        includes
        
        Environmental laws
    - - Neoliberalism
        
        promotes
        
        Privatization
        
        promotes
        
        Budget cuts
        
        promotes
        
        Deregulation
    - - State responsibility
        
        may involve
        
        Weak oversight
        
        may involve
        
        Delayed response
        
        may involve
        
        Policy failure
    - - Political context
        
        reflected in
        
        Government cutbacks (Walkerton)
        
        reflected in
        
        Regulatory gaps
        
        reflected in
        
        Soviet secrecy (Chernobyl)
- - - - Ecosystem damage
        
        such as
        
        Habitat destruction
        
        such as
        
        Radiation exposure
        
        such as
        
        Oil contamination
    - - Water contamination
        
        such as
        
        Mercury pollution
        
        such as
        
        Chemical runoff
        
        such as
        
        E. coli
    - - Air pollution
        
        such as
        
        Industrial emissions
        
        such as
        
        Haze
        
        such as
        
        Toxic smoke
    - - Long-term effects
        
        characterized by
        
        Irreversible damage
        
        characterized by
        
        Bioaccumulation
        
        characterized by
        
        Persistent toxins
- - - - Health impacts
        
        such as
        
        Neurological damage
        
        such as
        
        Respiratory illness
        
        such as
        
        Cancer
    - - Social impacts
        
        results in
        
        Loss of livelihood
        
        results in
        
        Community trauma
        
        results in
        
        Displacement
    - - Economic impacts
        
        creates
        
        Cleanup costs
        
        creates
        
        Unemployment Spike
        
        creates
        
        Industry collapse
    - - Risk exposure
        
        borne by
        
        Local communities
        
        borne by
        
        First responders
        
        borne by
        
        Workers
- - - - Environmental racism
        
        evident in
        
        Indigenous exposure
        
        evident in
        
        Chemical Valley
        
        evident in
        
        Grassy Narrows
    - - Unequal vulnerability
        
        affects
        
        Rural populations
        
        affects
        
        Indigenous groups
        
        affects
        
        Low-income communities
    - - Power imbalance
        
        shaped by
        
        Government vs citizens
        
        shaped by
        
        Corporate vs community
    - - Long-term injustice
        
        sustained via
        
        Ongoing contamination
        
        sustained via
        
        Lack of accountability
        
        sustained via
        
        Delayed cleanup