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BELIEFS - GENDER AND RELIGION - Coggle Diagram
BELIEFS - GENDER AND RELIGION
ways religion is patriarchal
religious scriptures
- in most religious scriptures, women are subordinate or invisible to men
DE BEAUVOIR
- scriptures suggest 'man is master by divine right'
being barred from the priesthood
- women are excluded from the priesthood in all major religions (Catholicism, Judaism, islam, Hinduism and sikhism
stained glass ceiling
- women face the same obstacles to career progression in the church as they face in other organisations
patriarchal religious doctrines
- in most religion, the ideology emphasises subordination of women and their role as wives and mothers (Virgin Mary)
veiling of women
-
ALDRIGDE
believes that this practice within Islam is a way of keeping women invisible and anonymous
the portrayal of women as sexual predators and corrupters
- sex for reproduction only, and women are out to seduce men to differ them from their religious duties
periods are seen as something dirty (Jezebel and Eve)
women have fewer rights than men
- in some islamic sects, men can have multiple wives but a women cannot have multiple husbands
Catholicism bans contraception, abortion and divorce
EVALUATION
of religion being patriarchal
ancient polytheistic religion
- female goddesses were worshiped equally with male Gods in Ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt
changes in monotheistic religions
female bishops from 2015, Quakers, Unitarians and Baha'is are more gender equal -
ALDRIDGE
religion as a resistance to patriarchy
-
AHMED, WATSON AND WOODHEAD
suggest veils are freeing women of male gaze and sexual harassment
gender and religiosity - the facts
BRIERLEY
- women are more religious then men
BSAS
- women are more likely to identify as religious
FERGUSON + HUSSEY
- in all major religions except Sikhism, women are more likely to practice religion
MILLER + HOFFMAN
- women have a greater interest and stronger commitment to their religion
reasons for gender and religiosity
gender role socialisation
WALTER + DAVIE
- suggested some feel closer to God due to their involvement in the creation of life
MILLER + HOFFMAN
- women are more religious because they are socialised into traits like empathy and submissiveness
greater life expectancy
women in general live longer than men and this means they are more likely to be widowed and living on their own as they get older
this can lead to greater religiosity as religion can be a source of support and comfort and a means of building a support network
social deprivation + marginality
women are more likely than men tp face social deprivation and marginality and may experience more disillusionment and alienation from wider society
these circumstances means that women may look to the religion for support and solace in particular groups which offer theodicies explaining their feelings and as well as solutions and support
status frustration
can be experienced by women who lack personal fulfilment or status as a result of being confined to the home or in lower middle class jobs
religious participation may help to overcome or compensate for this
new religious movements
women are more likely to be members of NRM for 3 reasons:
(1)
organismic deprivation
- women are more likely t suffer ill health so will look to sects and cults for healing
(2)
ethnical deprivation
- women tend to be more morally conservative and therefore more likely to see the world in moral decline and share the views held by sects and cults
(3)
social deprivation
- sects and cults tend to attract the poorer groups in society and women are more likely to be in poverty than men
EVALUATION
WOODHEAD
changes in the role of women have changed the way they engage with religion
she identifies 3 types of women with regards to religious participation:
home centred
- women who stay at home rather than work. these women are more likely to engage in traditional religions as they subscribe to conservative values and they may also require the support that the churches offer because they lack status
work centred
- women who work in demanding jobs are more likely to be secular because they do not have time for religious activities and can't relate to the way women are portrayed by those religions
jugglers
- women who balance work and family life still seek some sort of spiritual experience or guidance - these women are more likely to be involved in NAM which are more individualistic and require less commitment
AUNE ET AL
women's participation has been in decline due to 3 main reasons:
(1)
feminism
- feminist movements has led to women questioning the role of women in society as well as in religious organisations
(2)
changing role of women
- with women taking on paid work it is taking the place of religion as focus for women as well as limiting the time they have for religious activities
(3)
changing family relationships
- contemporary society has growing diversity in family structures and roles including changes in loving arrangements, which are often disapproved of by traditional churches