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THEORIES - Coggle Diagram
THEORIES
agency theory
when we are on our own = free will. we are in the autonomous state of mind, so we feel guilt for what we do.
can fail- Nazi Germany, people obeyed instructions they should've rebelled against.
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in the presence of authority= we shift to the agentic state of mind, consider ourselves agents for the authority to do what they say. authority figure = responsible, not us.
moral strain- sometimes an authority figure might ask us to complete an action which we consider morally wrong, however the responsibility gets displaced onto the person of authority
LINK TO FREUD- DEFENCE MECHANISMS
MILGRAM: 65% compliance to 300v in the presence of ligitmate authority, 23% when no authority
authority figures- uniform, an status.
studied by Milgrim, replicated with Burger and got very similar results.
a problem with the theory is that moral strain was felt by the participants in Milgram's study who did actually obey.
social impact theory
number- the more authority there is, the more likely an individual or group is to listen to the authority.
immediacy- the closer in space and time an authority is to the individual or group, the more likely they are to obey the order. in recent years this has slightly changed- live streams and face times/ zoom, can be far away but instructions are live.
Psycho-social law- the idea that the impact of one thing increases but at a decreasing rate. look up study by Milgram- the impact of one person looking up at the building was less than higher numbers, but as more people started to look up, it didn't effect the amount looking up as dramatically as before
division of impact- if the instruction is delivered to a large group of people, the responsibility diffuses across them, and so explains why larger groups may be more resistant to following an order than if it was one individual.
strength- the power and status of the authority. someone in a lab coat is seen as more official in a lab setting than someone in jeans and a tshirt
sidikides & jackson bird house study: zookeeper told diff groups at the zoo not to lean on the bird enclosure. if he was in a uniform, the groups were less likely to lean on the cage than if the confederate was dressed in regular clothes.
social identity theory
says we get our self esteem from the group/s (in group) we belong to, and have negative views about the 'out group/s'.
not everyone identifies with the ingroup to the same extent, so personality may be a factor as to how much we relate and the self esteem we get from identifying with the ingroup. if the ingroup is seen as negative from an outside perspective, we may tend to not build our elf esteem from this group, and try to relate more to other ingroups.
SOCIAL CATEGORISATION: this is seeing and identifying yourself with a specific group. as well as personal identity, we also have social identity, we possess the characteristics of that group. can be based on gender, religion, ethnic group
SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION: once you recognise yourself as being part of the ingroup, you immediately perceive everyone you meet to either be a part of the ingroup or the outgroup. you start to adopt the characteristics of the ingroup.
SOCIAL COMPARISON: this comes from viewing your social identity as superior to someones from the out group. you see the products of the ingroup as better than the products of the outgroup. this leads to prejudice and ultimately discrimination.
football fans- if you support a team, yourself esteem is linked to the success of that football team
Tajfels Klee and Kadinsky study showed how boys with discriminate against an outgroup JUST because they were the outgroup, and preconseptions of them without knowing anything about them other than differing opinions.
teenage boys= naturally competitive, so not represntitive to ALL groups. may have assumed they wanted them to win.
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