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Cellular respiration & Photosynthesis - Coggle Diagram
Cellular respiration & Photosynthesis
catabolic pathways
release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules
fermentation
lactic acid fermentation-pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate and NAD+
alcohol fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol
Anaerobic & Aerobic
celllar respiration in both but most refer to Aerobic
consists of 4 steps
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
oxidation phosphorylation-powered by redox reactions
substrate-level phosphorylation-occurs when enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP
anaerobic requires no oxygen
obligate anaerobes-carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
facultative anaerobes-can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Aerobic-requires oxygen
Oxidation-reduction reactors (redox reactions)- chemical reactions transferring electrons between reactants
reduction- the addition of electrons to a sbstance
oxidation-loss of electrons from a substance
reducing agent-reduces the electron accepter
oxidizing agent- the electron accepter
NAD+ is enzyme that is a electron carrier
Electron transport chain-series of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria
glycolysis & Pyruvate
pyruvate
acetyl CoA- 2 produced in glycolysis goes to citric acid cycle
glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm
2 ATP used to start
2 ATP (4 ATP produces but tales 2 to start)
2 NADH produced
2 pyruvate
Citric acid cycle(krebs cycle)
begins from the 2 acetyl CoA
produces- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
electron transport chain & chemiosmosis facilitate synthesis of most of the cells ATP
generates majority of ATP
ATP synthase & Chemiosmosis
chemiosmosis-the use of
energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
H+ moves through ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
proton-motive force- the H+ gradient is referred to as this emphasizing its capacity to do work
cytochromes-proteins with heme groups containing an iron atom
photosynthesis
is the process that converts solar
energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts
autotrophs-self feeders that sustain themselves without eating anything from other organisms
heterotrophs-obtain organic material from other organisms / consumers of the biosphere
chloroplasts-structurally similar to and likely
evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
mesophyll-interior tissue of the leaf
stomata-CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores
stroma-envelope of two membranes surrounding dense fluid which is the stroma
thylakoid-connected sacs in the chloroplasts that compose a third membrane system if stacked then they are called the grana
chlorophyll green pigment
light reactions & calvin cycle
light reactions
calvin cycle
begins with carbon fixation incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a
sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate ( G3P)
light reaction
Wavelength is a measure of the distance between
crests of electromagnetic waves
Light is electromagnetic energy, also called
electromagnetic radiation
visible light (380nm-740nm) drives photosynthesis and produces the colors seen by the human eye
electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range
of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete
particles, called photon
spectrophotometer measures a pigment’s
ability to absorb various wavelengths
absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a
pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
chlorophyll a-key light capturing pigment that participates directly in light reactions
chlorophyll b -accessory pigment
action spectrum- a profile
of the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths, confirms the effectiveness of violet-
blue and red light
Photosystems
a reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes
reaction-center complex-association of
proteins holding special pair of chlorophyll a
molecules and primary electron acceptor
light-harvesting complex consists of various
pigment molecules bound to proteins
primary electron acceptor accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
Photosytem 2=P680 & Photosystem 1=P700
linear electron flow-primary pathway,
involves both photosystems and produces ATP & NADPH
cyclic electron flow, photoexcited electrons
cycle back from Fd to the cytochrome complex
instead of being transferred to NADP+
photorespiration, rubisco binds with O2 instead
of CO2, producing a two-carbon compound
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by
incorporating CO2 into a four-carbon compound as
the first product of the Calvin cycle
bundle-sheath cells, cells arranged
in tightly packed sheaths around the leaf veins
CAM plants open their stomata at night, and
incorporate CO2 into organic acids that are stored
in the vacuoles
conserve water by using crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to
fix carbon