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Media Discourse_Group 3, Media Discourse, History of Discourse Analysis,…

- - - - In the early 19th century, news agencies formed a cartel.
        
        Early 20th century, media power shifted from European dominance to U.S. dominance.
        
        Agencies like Associated Press expanded globally
        
        Start of strong global media competition
        
        U.S. films spread worldwide.
        
        Media content, which originally focused on news, shifted toward the globalization of entertainment
        
        Post-World War II, U.S. promoted "Marshall Plan of Ideas" globally through media.
        
        Media used for spreading national values
        
        Media became a tool of cultural influence (soft power)
        
        Agencies controlled which regions they reported on
        
        Media linked closely with business and finance
    - - J. R. Martin
        
        "Sydney School" approach
      - Machin & Leeuwen
        
        Homogenisation
        
        Diversity
    - - WhatsApp
        
        People from different countries communicate instantly
      - Tiktok
        
        Viral challenges spread across countries quickly
      - BBC World News / CNN International
        
        Same news is broadcast globally
  - - - 4 stages of the meaning-making process by Hall (1980)
- - - - Genre
        
        staged
        
        News → headline → lead → details
        
        goal-oriented social process
        
        News → inform
        Advertisement → persuade
        
        Used in
        
        classroom
        
        media
        
        workplace
    - - Systemic Functional Linguistics
        
        Metafunctions
        
        Textual Metafunctions
        
        Interaction or attitude
        
        Interpersonal Metafunctions
        
        Organize
        
        Ideational Metafunction
        
        Content or event
        
        Language as social semiotic
      - Sydney School
        
        Applies linguistic to educational and social analysis
        
        Linguistic + education
        
        Social genre
        
        Applied in media, science, workplace
- - - - Language becomes tool for political & ideological messaging
    - - shapes public opinion, may manipulate truth
        
        Media discourse constructs social reality
      - Newstoriography
        
        journalism helps create history
        
        20th century
        
        wider media reach
        
        Media continues to influence political & social attitudes
- - - - Rhetoric was displaced by historical and comparative linguistics
      - Early 20th century
        
        displaced by structural analysis of language
        
        Ferdinand de Saussure
        
        establish the foundation by separating
        
        actual speech or parole
        
        from
        
        Arbitrary Signs
        
        intertwined because Halliday integrated parole
        
        the abstract system of language or langue
        
        intertwined to
        
        1952
        
        Zellig Harris
        
        employing sentence transformations to identify structures in
        
        go beyond isolated phrases to understand how an entire text fits together through patterns and repetition
        
        introduce the term "Discourse Analysis"
        
        1960s & 1970s
        
        Michel Foucault
        
        discourse regulates behavior through “regimes of truth”
        
        1980s & 1990s
        
        Norman Fairclough
        
        Ruth Wodak
        
        Teun van Dijk
        
        Pioneer of
        
        1 more item...
        
        Michael Halliday
        
        views language as a social semiotic system that constructs relationships, reality, and meaning in context
- - - - Information was rare, expensive, only for elites.
    - - Johannes Gutenberg movable-type printing press.
        
        Supported the growth of newspaper and pamphlet that later cause mass literacy.
      - In 17th and 18th Century
        
        Handwritten news sheets evolved into regular publications covering politics, trade, and social issues.
        
        Media started shaping public opinion and politics.
        
        In 19th century
        
        From the 1970s to 1990s
        
        The availability of cable television, satellite broadcasting, and home video.
        
        Audience gained control (watch anytime).
        
        Concerns about big media companies controlling content.
        
        In 1990s
        
        Traditional media shifted to digital and global media because of Internet
        
        Anyone could create and share content
        
        1 more item...
        
        From Early 2000s until now
        
        The rise of social media platforms
        
        1 more item...
        
        The beginning of audio broadcasting and visual media.
        
        Information became faster and more engaging.
        
        Media strongly influenced culture and politics.
- - - - meaning affects the audience's opinions or action