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Electronic Research - Coggle Diagram
Electronic Research
Control Boards (PIC)
Genie E18
Beginner-friendly programmable controller; visual flowchart-based programming; built-in I/O pins; low cost and robust.
GCSE/A-level design projects, prototype automation, educational electronics.
Picaxe
Microcontroller programmed via BASIC; easy serial download interface; low power modes available; wide range of chip sizes.
School and hobbyist projects, robotics, sensor interfacing, home automation prototypes.
Arduino
Open-source microcontroller platform; C/C++ programming; large library ecosystem; extensive community support; USB programmable.
Robotics, IoT devices, wearables, sensor networks, educational projects.
BBC Microbit
Pocket-sized programmable computer; built-in LED matrix, accelerometer, compass, Bluetooth and radio; multiple programming environments.
Educational coding, wearable projects, wireless communication experiments, games.
Output Components
LED's/ Bulbs
LEDs convert electrical energy directly to light; very energy efficient; long lifespan; available in many colours and intensities.
Indicator lights, displays, lighting, traffic signals, backlighting.
motors
DC
Converts direct current to rotational motion; simple construction; speed controlled by varying voltage; reversible by switching polarity.
Converts direct current to rotational motion; simple construction; speed controlled by varying voltage; reversible by switching polarity.
Stepper
Rotates in discrete steps; precise position control without feedback; holds torque when stationary; low-speed torque is high.
3D printers, CNC routers, camera sliders, precision positioning systems.
Servo
Provides precise angular control; uses feedback to maintain position; compact with high torque relative to size.
Robotics, RC vehicles, camera gimbals, automated valves, CNC machines.
sound outputs
Buzzer
Produces a single tone using a vibrating piezoelectric disc or magnetic coil; low power; compact and inexpensive.
Alarms, timers, keyboards, microwave ovens, notification devices.
Speaker
Converts electrical signals to sound waves across a range of frequencies; variable impedance and power ratings; requires amplification for high volumes.
Audio systems, communication devices, public address systems, music playback.
Processing components
Resistors
Opposes the flow of electrical current; fixed or variable resistance values; dissipates energy as heat; colour-coded for identification.
Current limiting, voltage division, pull-up/pull-down circuits, signal conditioning.
Transistors
Semiconductor device that amplifies or switches signals; bipolar (BJT) or field-effect (FET) types; low power consumption; fast switching.
Amplifiers, logic gates, switching circuits, motor drivers, radio frequency circuits.
Integrated circuits
Miniaturised electronic circuit on a semiconductor chip; contains transistors, resistors, and capacitors; extremely reliable and compact.
Computers, smartphones, amplifiers, microcontrollers, signal processing.
Input Components
Switches
SPST
Single Pole Single Throw; simplest switch type; one input, one output; either open or closed.
On/off switches for lights, appliances, basic circuits.
DPDT
Double Pole Double Throw; controls two separate circuits simultaneously; can reverse polarity or switch between two outputs.
Motor direction control, audio routing, power supply switching.
PTM
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Doorbells, keyboards, calculators, reset buttons.
PTB
Normally closed switch; breaks circuit when pressed; momentary action; provides fail-safe behaviour.
Emergency stop buttons, safety circuits, alarm systems.
Limit Switch
Mechanical switch activated by physical contact or position; robust and reliable; provides on/off electrical signal.
CNC machines, conveyor belts, 3D printers, safety interlocks.
Reed switch
Magnetically operated; sealed glass capsule with metal contacts; low power consumption; fast switching.
Door/window alarms, proximity sensors, flow meters, reed relays.
Relay
Automotive systems, industrial control panels, home automation, power distribution.
Electrically operated switch; uses an electromagnet to open or close a circuit; can switch high-power loads from a low-power signal.
Sensors
LDR
Resistance decreases as light intensity increases; simple and inexpensive; response time varies with light level.
Automatic street lighting, camera exposure control, alarm systems, night lights.
Thermistor
Resistance changes significantly with temperature; NTC type resistance falls as temperature rises; highly sensitive and compact.
Temperature measurement, thermostats, medical devices, battery management.
Motion
Detects movement using infrared, ultrasonic, or microwave technology; passive or active types; adjustable sensitivity and range.
Security systems, automatic lighting, robotics, intruder alarms.