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Explanations for crime - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Williams
        
        60% of 196 prisoners had brain injury
        
        Those who were convicted younger were more likely to have brain injury and have higher reoffending rates
    - - Kreutzer
        
        Out of 74 prisoners 20% had injury beforehand 10% were arrested before injury
        
        Cannot say for definite that brain injury causes criminality
        
        Comorbidity between brain injury and drug abuse
      - Comorbidity
        
        Many criminals who have brain injury aslo have known drug abuse, personality disorders or witnessed violence as a child
  - - - Pardini
        
        Psychopaths are found to have smaller amygdala
        
        If have smaller amygdala 3x as aggressive and likely to be impulsive
      - Williams
        
        Damage or poor development of amygdala can lead to problems with fear conditioning which can lead to innapropriate behaviour in the future
    - - too deterministic - it is possible to have a smaller amygdala and act non psychotic
      - Robert Hare
        
        May make them better at corporate jobs because of lack of empathy violence is not the only route forwards
  - - - Grow taller faster
      - Acne scars
      - Average intelligence but 10-15 IQ points below siblings
      - 50% struggle with speech development
      - Most live life without ever realising
      - Behaviour problems
      - More impulsive and physically active
    - - "super male syndrome"
      - "2x the Y = 2x the aggression"
    - - Richard Speck - killed and raped 8 nurses but everyone thought he was XYY so wanted to excuse him - he wasnt
      - Stefan Kisko - was XYY and wrongly convicted as a result
    - - Re and Birkhoff
        
        Did lit review of articles past 50 years around XYY and concluded it was a misconception that they were more likely to commit crimes
      - Does not explain female crime
      - Not a practically viable option to use as an explanation because requires too much research to determine if someone has it or not
      - Theilgaurd
        
        Found only a very small presence of it in the population so cannot be the only explanation
    - - Legget
        
        Males with XYY have average IQs but have speech and language difficulties
      - Shown to have lower intelligence which may affect understanding of social issues leading to increase in crime through inability to understand norms
      - Money et al
        
        19 ppts claimed very disrupted in classroom and couldnt focus - XYY affects education
  - - - Personality can be organised into levels of extroversion or introversion, neuroticism or stability and psychoticism
    - - Arousal theory - extroverts have lower cortical arousal in their ascending reticular activating system
      - Seek more external arousal hence more outgoing and more impulsive
    - - Overactive limbic system and so are more likely to respond emotionally to minor stressors
    - - Too much testosterone and too little mao levels leads to more egocentric lack of empathy and higher aggression
    - - Rushton and Chrisjohn
        
        Found link between delinquency and extroversion and psychoticism
      - Raine
        
        Lower activity in prefrontal cortex leads to more impulsive behaviour - neuroticism
      - Bodusvek
        
        Found link between extroversion and recidivism rates
    - - Rushton and chrisjohn
        
        Found no link between delinquency and neuroticism
      - Farrington
        
        found no link between delinquency and extroversion
      - Bartol and Halonchock
        
        Found hispanic group of prisoners had lower levels of extroversion than non criminal control group
      - Too deterministic not everyone who commits a crime has PEN personality and vice versa
      - Crime dependent - people who steal food to feed themselves unlikely to have PEN personality
      - Does not consider other biological factors and since research is based on self reports lacks reliability
  - - - Micheal stone
        
        Instrumental murderers of their partners more likely to be narcissitic
        
        Male serial sexual homicides more likely to be psychopathic
        
        Mass murderers show strong paranoia traits
        
        Antisocial, paranoia and psychopathy are common traits among violent offenders
    - - Fallon
        
        Wrongly identified his own brain as psychopathic because of lack of cortex and orbital activity
  - - - Couppis and Kennedy - found dopamine acts as reinforcement for aggressive acts in the reward pathway
      - Lavine - amphetamines shown to increase dopamine which increases aggression which is then reinforced through the brains reward pathway
      - Cleare and Bond - males who have no history of psychotic disorders but have been shown to commit violent crimes are found to have lower serotonin
  - - - Dabbs - prisoners in for violent crime had more testosterone in their saliva and were more likely to be involved in prison confrontations
      - Beaver - people on anabolic steroids are more likely to be involved in violent acts
      - Albert - castrated rats less likely to make attempts of social domination
      - Ellis - 11 studies found blood and saliva positive correlation between testosterone and aggression but modest
      - Soler - domestic abuse cases found increased testoerone in saliva
    - - Correlational evidence not cause and effect
      - Violence is not always means of aggression sometimes means of achieving something instead
- - - - Crimes are not deviant until we label them as such
    - - Media negatively labelled them which caused prejudice towards them by the public
    - - Rosenthal and Jacobson
        
        Randomly selected some students to label as academic bloomers with high IQ and then when they came back their IQs had actually improved
    - - Our actions affect the way others think about us affect the way we act affecting/confirming the way others perceive us...
  - - - False definition of the original behaviour evokes a new behaviour that confirms the original definition
  - - - +Showed how labelling has an impact on sfp within schools
      - -Unethical interfered with education, lack of generalisability to crime
    - - +Found positive correlation between alcohal consumption in teenagers based of how much parents overestimate it
      - -Did not find the same link with parents who underestimated so negative sfp is stronger
    - - +Studied culture which labels children based of the day they were born - monday = placid, wednesday = aggressive, in local juvenile detention centre monday 6% and wednesday 22%
      - -Does not explain those who stray from the curve
    - - Determinsitic - not everyone responds to fulfill labels
      - Reductionist - does not consider political, social and biological influences as well
      - Unethical to research and so most studies do not correlate directly to deviance
      - Research is always correlational
  - - - Phenomenon in the US where people kept replicating the same school shooting
      - 17 replications and 37 serious threats
      - Still relatively rare despite extensive media coverage of replications
    - - Have to have vicarious or self reinforcement to reproduce the behaviour
      - In portrayal of crime offender has to experience reward for the crime or an abscence of punishment including the over sanitation of the victim
      - If news or media included the punishment and lack of reinforcement less likely to reproduce the behaviour
    - - Bandura - vicarious reinforcement
      - Williams - 2 years after getting tv compared to children who didnt violent behaviour dramatically increased
      - Comstack and Paik - found positive correlation between tv consumption and violent behaviour
    - - Flood-page - evidence showing tv increased violent behaviour may be related to class not tv consumption