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Chapter 9 & 10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Distance between crests of electromagnetic waves
    - - Entire range of radiation
      - 380-740 nm is visible light
    - - Nontangible discrete particles
  - - - Instrument that measures pigment ability absorb wavelengths of light
    - - Graph plotting light absorption vs wavelength
  - - - Reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes (contains various pigment molecules bounds to proteins)
  - - - 2) Electron transported to primary electron acceptor
      - 3) Water splits into two electrons, two H+ ions, and an oxygen atom. Two O atoms combine to from oxygen gas
      - 1) Photons excite electrons within PS II
      - 4) Photoexcited electrons pass from PS II to PS I via an ETC
      - 5) Chemiosmosis
      - 6) P700+ becomes an electron acceptor
      - 7) Electrons passed down to a second ETC
      - 8) NADP+ reductase catalyzes electron transfer to NADP+
  - - - High-energy electrons come from water
    - - High-energy molecules come from organic molecules
- - - - Degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen
    - - Pathway in which oxygen is consumed alongside fuel
      - Utilized by most eukaryotic and many prokaryotic organisms
      - Cellular respiration typically refers to aerobic respiration
      - Organic compounds + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
    - - Similar to aerobic; without oxygen
  - - - The addition of electrons to one substance
        
        Reducing agent is the electron donor
    - - The loss of electrons from one substance
        
        Oxidizing agent is the electron acceptor
- - - - The energy released allows for two ATP to form
        
        After more reactions, two more ATP and two pyruvate molecules form
- - - - Complex I
        
        Oxidizes NADH and transports electrons to electron carrier ubiquinone (Q)
        
        Most electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen are cytochromes
      - Complex II
        
        Oxidizes FADH2
        
        Provides less energy than NADH within complex I
      - Complex IV
        
        Terminal acceptor O2 forms water
        
        Carries electrons
  - - - Enzyme that creates ATP via an existing ion gradient; powered by difference in concentration
    - - ATP is produced using the exergonic flow of H+
      - H+ gradient is referred to as a proton motive-force with the ability to do work (move electrons from matrix to intermembrane space)
- - - - Central fluid-filled space
    - - System of interconnected membranous sacs
    - - Stack of thylakoids
    - - Fluid filled compartment inside thylakoid
    - - Green pigment
  - - - O2 released is obtained from H2O, not CO2
    - - Reversed direction of electron flow from that of cellular respiration
  - - - Converts solar to chemical energy
    - - Produces sugar
      - Carbon fixation
        
        Incorporation of carbon into organic compounds
- - - - For each glucose molecule, the citric acid cycle must turn twice; therefore, these products are doubled per glucose (2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2)
- - - - 2) acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. NAD+ is regenerated
      - 1) CO2 released from pyruvate; pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde
      - Bacteria and yeast
    - - Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH. NAD+ is regenerated. CO2 is not released.
      - Fungi, bacteria
  - - - ETC
        
        Cellular respiration
        
        Anaerobic respiration
      - Organic molecule
        
        Fermentation
    - - Pyruvate energy is unavailable without an ETC; cellular respiration generates more ATP
    - - Organisms that can only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
    - - Organisms that can survive with or without the presence of O2
- - - - Use light to power functions