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issues & debates - Coggle Diagram

- - - - psychologists who attempt to develop theories that emphasise women's importance
        CORNWELL ET AL females better at learning, challenges gender stereotypes.
        
        take a feminist approach to restore imbalance, EAGLY females less effective leaders, purpose of claim to encourage leadership programmes aimed at women
        
        many researchers beginning to recognise effect of their own values + assumptions on their work. embrace bias as a critical aspect of research process. e.g. DAMBRIN & LAMBERT 2008 include reflection on how their gender-related experiences influence their interpretation of events. may lead to greater awareness of personal biases.
      - gender bias accepted if research deemed groundbreaking, Darwin's theory only recently challenged by DNA suggesting women also competitive
        
        gender bias can work against men, women deemed more sensitive, more likely depression diagnosis
        
        still prevalent, 2018 1000 articles showed gender bias research funded less and published less in prestigious journals
        
        DENMARK ET AL 1988: psychology may support institutional sexism that creates bias in theory + research as women rarely appointed at senior research lvl so female concerns may not be reflected in reseach
  - - - one benefit of conducting cross-cultural research is that it may challenge our typically western ways of thinking the world. counters the charge of 'scientific racism' that has been made against some psychological theories and means that the conclusions psychologists draw are likely to have more validity if they include recognition of the role of culture in bringing them about.
      - in age of global communication + increased interconnectedness there is no longer a simplistic distinction between cultures no longer applies. TAKANO & OSAKA 1999 found that 14/15 studies that compared USA + japan found no evidence of traditional distinction between individualism + collectivism. suggests cultural bias in research is less of issue than it was.
        
        some research is universal: EKMAN (1989) suggests basic facial expressions/emotions are same all over human + animal world.
        
        operationalisation of variables in cross-cultural studies: variables under review may not be experienced in same way by all pptps, e.g. expression of aggression may be different in different cultures
- - - - makes cognitive sense: everyday experience gives impression that we are constantly exercising free will through the choices we make on any given day; gives face validity to concept of free will
        
        research suggests that people who have an internal locus of control (high degree of influence over events + own beh are more mentally healthy). ROBERTS ET AL: adolescents with strong belief in fatalism were at a significantly greater risk of developing depression
        
        even if we don't have free will, the fact that we think we do may have a positive impact on mind + beh.
      - neurological studies of decision making have revealed evidence against free will. LIBET: demonstrated that the brain activity that determines the outcome of simple choices may predate our knowledge of having made such a choice; the activity related to whether to press a button with left or right hand occurs in brain up to ten seconds before pptps report being consciously aware of making such a decision. shows even our most basic experiences of free will are decided + determined by our brain before we become aware of them
  - - - determinism is consistent with aims of science
        
        the notion that beh. is orderly + obeys laws places psychology on equal footing with other more established sciences- the value of such research is that the prediction + control of beh. has led to development of treatments that have benefitted many
        
        the experience of mental disorders (e.g. SCZ) where suffers experience a loss of control over their thoughts + beh. casts doubt on concept of free will (e.g. no one chooses to have SCZ)
        
        in terms of mental illness, beh. appears determined
      - the hard determinist stance is not consistent with the way in which our legal system operates (e.g. in court of law offenders are held morally accountable for their actions)
        
        determinism in unfalsifiable: based on idea that causes of beh. will always exist even though they may not yet have been found; impossible to prove wrong- not scientific