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Chapter 42/43 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Diffusion - short distances / Bulk flow - long distance transport
    - - Hemolymph bathes organs. Low pressure. Arthropods.
    - - Blood in vessels. High pressure. vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods*
  - - - Pulmonary circuit
        
        Heart to lungs
      - Systemic circuit
        
        heart to body
    - - Right side (deoxygenated to lungs)
        
        Right Atrium : upper chamber, receives oxygen-poor blood from the body , blood enters through : superior vena cava / inferior vena cava
        
        Tricuspid Valve : between right atrium and right ventricle . Prevents back flow
        
        Right Ventricle : Lower chamber , pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery
        
        Pulmonary valve : prevents blood from flowing back into ventricle (r)
        
        Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
      - Left side (oxygenated to body)
        
        Left Atrium : oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins
        
        Bicuspid valve : between left atrium and left ventricle . Prevents back flow
        
        Left Ventricle : Pumps blood to entire body. (Stronger chamber) thick walls
        
        Aortic Valve : Prevents blood from returning to left ventricle
    - - Diastole is the relaxation period whereas Systole is the contraction period
    - - Your SA node is the natural pacemaker
      - AV node is a delay signal
      - Conducting fibers
  - - - human respiratory systems
        
        Air Pathway : Nose - Pharynx -Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli
        
        Alveoli : huge surface area, thin walls, and dense capillaries
        
        Ventilation : Inhalation - diaphragm contracts Exhalation - diaphragm relaxes
- - - - Humoral immunity: defense against pathogens in body fluids (blood & lymph) functions: recognize antigen, +/- into plasma cells, produce antibodies .
        B cells secrete antibodies to target pathogens
    - - attack infected body cells directly . CD4 and CD8.
        
        CD4 - Helper T Cells that activate B cells, activate cytotoxic T cells , coordinate immune response
        
        CD8 - T Cells that kill infected or abnormal cells, induce apoptosis (cell death)
- - - - phagocytic cells
        
        How it works
        
        Pseudopodia surrounds pathogens
        
        Pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis
        
        Vacuole forms, enclosing pathogens.
        
        Vacuole and lysosome fuse
        
        Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens
        
        Debris from pathogens is released by exocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substance are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals
        
        Two types of phagocytic cells in mammalian bodies are Neutrophils / Macrophages
        
        Neutrophils
        
        The most abundant type of white blood cell. They are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
        
        Macrophages
        
        A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions by destroying microorganisms and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell. Aka BIG EATERS
        
        Other specialized cells that contribute to innate immune defenses
        
        Dendritic cells
        
        ( Surface help ) they stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens that they engulf
        
        Eosinophils
        
        often found beneath an epithelium, are important in defending against multicellular invaders. Upon encountering such parasites this cell discharges destructive enzymes
        
        “NK” Natural killer cells
        
        circulate through the body and detect the abnormal surface proteins found on some virus -infected and cancerous cells. They do not engulf stricken cells, they release chemicals that lead to cell death, preventing spread of said infection
        
        Mast cells
        
        found in connective tissue and make key contributions to the inflammatory response as well as to allergies
      - immune cells produce receptors molecules that bind specifically to molecules from foreign cells or viruses and activate defense responses
    - - Physical & chemical barriers
        
        Skin : Keratin sebum, acid
        
        Mucous membrane: Cilia, antibacterial proteins, lysozymes, HCI
        
        Tear and Salvia
        
        Antimicrobial proteins : interferon - makes cells resistant to viral reproduction, several kinds, antiviral drugs. Complement - proteins C1-C9 that link to antibodies or factors B, D, and P that link to glycocalyx with both leading to pathogen cell lysis. CRP- (from liver) binds to pathogen to mark it for destruction by macrophages
        
        Fever: caused by pyrogens, stimulates high metabolism to damages pathogens