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Chapters 42 + 43 - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 42 + 43
42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
Circulatory Systems + Exchange Surfaces
Open + Closed Circulatory Systems
3 basic components of circulatory system
interconnecting vessels
muscular pump
the heart
circulatory fluid
Open Circulatory system
Circulatory fluid = hemolymph
also = the interstitial fluid (fluid that bathes body cells)
Heart pumps hemolymph into sinuses
Body movements help circulate hemolymph
Closed circulatory system
Circulatory fluid = blood
Blood confined to vessels, separate from interstitial fluid
1+ hearts pump blood through body
Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
Gastrovascular Cavities
Enable cnidarians to live w/out distinct circulatory system
Inner + outer tissue layers both bathed in water
Body wall only 2 cells thick
Makes diffusion more feasible
Planarians also survive w/out circulatory system due to gastrovascular cavity + flat body
Double Circulation
Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
blood from lungs enters heart thru left atrium
pumped to body tissues
reenters heart through right atrium
Cardiac cycle = heart's sequence of pumping + filling
systole = period of contracting
diastole = period of relaxing
Pulse = number of heartbeats per minute
Cardiac output = volume of blood pumped each minute
Blood Pressure + Flow
Lymphatic system returns liquid to blood that leaks from capillaries
Blood Components
Gas Exchange
Breathing
Adaptations
43: The Immune System
Adaptive Immunity
Relies on 2 types of lymphocytes
B Cells
Some (plasma cells) produce antibodies
T Cells
B + T memory cells defend against infections by same pathogen
Have antigen receptors
Foreign molecules = antigens
Recognize epitopes on antigens
Defense against Infection
Active immunity develops in response to infection / immunization
Transfer of antibodies in passive immunity = immediate / short-term protection
Tissues transferred from one person to another can be rejected
Innate Immunity
Pathogens = disease-causing agents
Immune system = protects against pathogens/infecitons
2 forms of defense
Innate Immunity
Common to all animals
Adaptive Immunity
Found only in vertebrates
Barrier Defenses
Protect against infection of pathogens
E.g. exoskeleton, lysozyme
Internal Immune defenses
Secondary line of defense after barrier defenses
E.g. recognition proteins, hemocytes
Hemocytes = phagocytic cells that break down microorganisms
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
Barrier Defenses
Block entry of pathogens
E.g. mucous membranes, skin
Cellular Innate Defenses
Local Inflammatory Response
Events triggered by signallng molecules
Disruptions
autoimmune diseases stem from loss of self-tolerance
e.g. AIDS, HIV