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GENDER and ETHNICITY CRIME AND JUSTICE - Coggle Diagram
GENDER and ETHNICITY CRIME AND JUSTICE
FEMALE CRIMINALITY
are female criminals treated more leniently or harshly than men?
YES- CHIVALRY THESIS
women treated more leniently within the CJS because it is heavily male dominated
police more likely to caution rather than charge women, courts more inclined to acquit or impose more lenient sentences
CAMPBELL 1981
self-report studies found females most likely to be cautioned rather than prosecuted, women almost as likely to be the perpetrator as the man
NO- SMART
women are seen as doubly deviant
deviant as broken the law AND deviant as broken away from gender norms
CASE STUDY
karen matthews
2008- 8 year sentence
planned kidnap of own daughter w her bf to generate money
daughter reported as missing but was actually held at her bf house
CASE STUDY
vanessa george
2009- 10 year sentence
female paedophile ring- 5 adults
nursery, sexually abused women
CASE STUDY
lucy letby
NO- STEWART 2006
magistrates perceptions of female defendants characters were based on stereotypical gender roles
women who do not confrom to accepted standards of monogamous heterosexualuty and motherhood punished more harshly
MALE CRIMINALITY
focal concerns
MILLER
wc subcultures teach boys their own subcultural values known as focal concerns which provide alternative guidelines for criminal activity
male wc criminal activity a normal part of macho LC culture
masculinity and crime
MESSERSCHIMDT
masc an accomplishemnt, a real man in society is highly valued
men want to achieve hegemonic masculinity
if cannot achieve may turn to crime to achieve hegemonic masc
subordinated masculinities
tend to develop amongst ethnic minority groups, lower-class groups who lack resources to accomplish hegemonic masculinity, and homosexual masculinity who have no desire to accomplish HM
subcultures
CLOWARD AND OHLIN
delinquent subcultures emerge because of locality and wc boys access to illegitimate opportunity structures
criminal subcultures
conflict subcultures
retreatist subcultures
MERTON
strain theory
COHEN
status frustration
post-modern views
fewer manual labour jobs as outsourced due to globalisatioon
men now go into nighttime sector e.g. bouncers
WINLOW
studied bouncers in sunderland, although legally employed, all taking part in criminal activity
SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNIC CRIME
BME over-represented in statistics
1)
institutionalised racism
THE MACPHERSON REPORT
stephen lawrence killed in racially motivated attack 1993
long time for conviction, even though lots of evidence
macpherson report concluded that there was institutionalised racism in met police
racist attitudes of police meant lack of follow up, lack of seeing stephen as a victim
PHILLIPS AND BOWRING
2012 research, points out that many officers hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals
leads to deliberate stop and search
2015 suggested police stop and search black people 4.5 times more than white
SIMON HOLDAWAY
police force canteen culture, sexists and discriminatory values seen as acceptable
racist attitudes towards certain groups reinforces amongst police
WADDINGTON
stop and search, high number ethnic minorities were stopped but this wasn't due to racism, simply a realistic reflection of the types of people who were on the streets in high crime areas
2)
LEA AND YOUNG LR
diffs in statistics are a result of real diffs in offending BME genuinely do commit more crime in comparison to white
because of way black people are discriminated against in wider society
utilitarian crime a response to material deprivation
non-utilitarian crime due to frustration towards society
police racism not responsible for high rates of offending in BME groups as 90% crimes reported by public
also suggest as BME rates higher, police would have to be selectively racist to blacks and not asians
this is outdated, since 9/11 racist policing has been increased for asian people due to stereotypes around terrorism
3)
GILROY NEO-MARXIST
BME commit no more crime than others, myth of black criminology
ethnic minorities commit crime as they are fighting agaisnt racism and anti-colonial
political resistence and fighting back has been criminalised, they can't fight back- appear more in crim statistics
crime is intra-ethnic