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PHR 2041, viscoelatsic gel - Coggle Diagram
PHR 2041
1.Upper respiratory tract disorders
Symptoms
Pharyngitis - inflamation of pharynx
tonsilitis- inflammation of tonsils
Laryngitis- inflammation of larynx
produces hoarse voice and difficulty speaking.these are caused by the same virus
Mucus & Cough
Productive cough
Wet/ moist cough with phelgm
Excess bronchial secretion & cell debris
Unproductive cough
no abnormal production of URT secretions
Acute cough important in expelling foregin material from the lungs.
Chronic cough is
Cough receptors & activated by: Nicotinic -nicotinic in cigarette smoke. TRPA1-Pollutions(irritants in smoke). TRPV1-inflammatory mediators (bradykinin makes it more sensitive). H1-histamine
Engulfs foregin bodies
In a URT infection, the amount of mucus production in nose and lungs increase
Common cold
caused by rhinovirus , corona virus
Influenza
Caused by asymptotic viruses
Neuramindases inhibitors
Oseltamivir & zanamivir are antiviral meds for people with influenza that inhibit neuramindase->prevents baceria repliation of new virus cell
Oseltamivir has more of a advantage as the former drug is orally active and is avalaible in capsules.
Analgesics - relieve pain such as headache in common cold anitpyretic- reduce fever
Ibuprofen
NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-finflammatory drug)
Inhibits cycloxygenease (COXs)-> decrease production of PEG2-> pyrogenic
prostaglandins such as PGE2 are pro-inflammatory, decreasing production of prostaglandins also results in an anti-inflammatory effect,
Asprin works as a irreversible inhibitor of COX where ibuprofen is a reversible COX inhibitor.
Paracetamol
Paracetamol is also metabolised to produce NAPQI and pBQ, which activate a receptor involved in pain signalling called TRPA1
Paracetamol is also metabolised to produce NAPQI and pBQ, which activate a receptor involved in pain signalling called TRPA1
Its a weak COX inhibitor -> little anti-inflammatory effects
TRPA1 receptor activation by paracetamol metabolites causes desensitisation of these receptors, since they are on sensory neurons that transmit pain signals, can reduce headache, pain and aches.
cough expectorants and suppresants
Mycolytics- break down mucous( acetylcysteine)
Hydration- with steam relieves nasal congestion-> brings muscus fro chest and may be decreasing odeema togethers with the viscosity of secretions
Guaiphensein
Ammonium chloride
Bromhexine- regarded as a mycolytic
Antitussives-
reduce the need to cough(either act in the brain stem or locally on throat to decrease sensitivty of receptors that intiate cough
Mu opoid receptor agonists:codeine, dihydrocodeine
Act on mu opoid receptor agonist- decrease activation of cough centre, reduce release of neutronasmitter glutamate.
NMDA receptor anatgonist: dextromethrophan
decrease glutamate binding to NMDA receptors intitate coughing
commplemenatry medication include armaforce and echinacea purpurea
Rhinosinusitis -inflammation of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses.
Nasal discharge, nasal blockage, facial pressure or pain or reduction/loss of smell
Acute rhinosinusitis- 4 weeks Chronic rhinosinusitis- longer than 12 weeks, caused by structural abnormalities of nose or the growth of nasal pulps
Treatment
Paracetamol and ibuprofen for relieving pain and fever
Saline nasal sprays or irrigations for relieving blocks nose-Salt water to clear excess mucus from nose and sinus areas to assist in nasal drainage.
Rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucosa
Allergic rhintis
Sneezing, nasal symptoms, occular symptoms,
Allergens such as pollen thata ntigen presenting cells recognise, presenting it to T cells, activating B cells to release IgE antibodies on mast cells.
treatment*
Tends to work more effectively given before exposure to allergens
Antihistames including tablets, nasal sprays and eye drops
Antihistamines have significant antichlorgenric effects, whuch may also assist in drying up nasal secretions.
Corticosteroids
agonists at glucocorticoid receptors
transcription for inflammatory proteins like COX is reduced and annexin 1 is increased.
non-allergic rhinitis
Vasomotor rhinitis- caused from smoke/pollution,alchohol, spicy food
Drug induced-(rebound cogestion)from long term use of nasal decognestants, side effects of ACE inhibitors
Nasal polyps: growth on musuc mebranes causes sinusitiis
structural rhinitis- broken nose, nasal birth defect
Asthma
COPD
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