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Reproductive System Jessica Velazquez Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Jessica Velazquez Period 3
Major functions of the Reproductive system
Gamete Production:
Formation of specialized functional cells called gametes via meiosis
Sperm:
Male gametes
Ova (Eggs):
Female gametes
Copulation:
Bringing male and female gametes together through sexual intercourse
Fertilization:
Combining genetic information from gametes to form a zygote
Gestation and Parturition:
Supporting the development of the fetus and the birth of the baby
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Primary Sex Organs (Gonads):
Testes:
Located in the scrotum; produce sperm and testosterone
Scrotum:
Skin sac hanging outside the body to maintain a temperature 3°C lower than core body temperature, which is necessary for sperm production
Male Duct System (Pathway of Sperm):
Epididymis:
Highly coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored
Ductus (Vas) Deferens:
Propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Ejaculatory Duct:
Formed by the junction of the ductus deferens and the seminal gland duct
Urethra:
Terminal duct that conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
Accessory Glands:
Seminal Glands:
Produce 70% of semen volume; viscous, alkaline fluid containing fructose for ATP
Prostate:
Encircles the urethra; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid that plays a role in sperm activation
Bulbo-urethral Glands:
Produce thick, clear mucus to lubricate the glans penis and neutralize acidic urine in the urethra
External Genitalia:
Penis:
Male copulatory organ consisting of a root, shaft, and glans penis; contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum)
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Primary Sex Organs (Gonads):
Ovaries:
Paired structures that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone
Female Duct System:
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes:
Receive the ovulated oocyte; the usual site of fertilization. Contain fimbriae to drape over the ovary
Uterine Wall Layers:
Perimetrium (outer), Myometrium (smooth muscle for labor), and Endometrium (mucosal lining where embryo implants)
Uterus:
Hollow, thick-walled organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum. Includes the cervix (narrow outlet)
Vagina:
Thin-walled tube that serves as the birth canal and organ of copulation
External Genitalia (Vulva):
Includes the mons pubis, labia majora (scrotum counterpart), labia minora, and clitoris (penis counterpart)
Mammary Glands:
Modified sweat glands present in both sexes but functional in females for milk production
Hormones of the reproductive system
HPG Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal):
GnRH
: Released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary
FSH and LH:
Released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the gonads
Male Hormones:
Testosterone:
Synthesized from cholesterol; prompts spermatogenesis and develops secondary sex characteristics (hair growth, voice deepening, increased bone/muscle mass)
Female Hormones:
Estrogens
: Promote oogenesis and follicle growth; induce secondary sex characteristics (breast growth, hip fat deposits, pelvis widening)
Progesterone:
Works with estrogen to regulate the uterine cycle and maintains pregnancy
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian Cycle (Monthly maturation of an egg):
Follicular Phase (Days 1–14):
Period of vesicular follicle growth; one dominant follicle is selected
Ovulation (Day 14):
A surge in LH triggers the rupture of the ovary wall and release of the secondary oocyte
Luteal Phase (Days 14–28):
The ruptured follicle collapses and forms the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle (Changes in the endometrium):
Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5):
Ovarian hormones are low; the stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium sheds (menstruation)
Proliferative Phase (Days 6–14):
Rising estrogen levels prompt the rebuilding of the endometrium
Secretory Phase (Days 15–28):
Progesterone levels rise to prepare the endometrium for embryo implantation
Disorders
Reproductive Cancers:
Testicular Cancer:
Most common in men aged 15–35; risk factor is cryptorchidism (nondescent of testes)
Prostate Cancer:
Third most common cause of cancer death in males
Cervical Cancer:
Often linked to STIs like HPV; detected via Pap smear and preventable via Gardasil vaccine
Breast Cancer:
Second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women; often linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
Bacterial:
Chlamydia:
Most common bacterial STI; can lead to sterility and PID
Gonorrhea:
Bacterial infection of the reproductive/urinary mucosae; may cause "penile drip" or PID
Syphilis:
Characterized by a painless chancre; can lead to tertiary syphilis (gummas) if untreated
Viral:
HPV:
Causes genital warts and is linked to 80% of invasive cervical cancers
Genital Herpes:
Caused by herpes simplex virus; characterized by latent periods and flare-ups with vesicles
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Surgical/Permanent:
Vasectomy:
Cutting and ligating the ductus deferens; nearly 100% effective form of birth control
Hysterectomy:
surgical removal of the uterus, which results in permanent sterility and ends the need for Pap smears
Barrier Methods:
Latex Condoms:
Help prevent the spread of STIs