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An Introduction to Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
An Introduction to Metabolism
An Organism’s Metabolism
Metabolic Pathway
A series of enzyme controlled steps that change a starting molecule into a final product.
Enzymes: they run every step of a metabolic pathway.
Enzyme 2: changes B-> C
Enzyme 3: changes C-> D
EX: Enzyme 1: changes A-> B
Catabolic Pathways:
Breaks down complex molecules and release energy.
EX: Cellular respiration: glucose is broken down with 02 to release energy (ATP).
Anabolic Pathways:
it uses energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
EX: Protein synthesis: Amino acids-> proteins.
Forms of Energy
Energy is the ability to perform work.
Types of Energy:
Thermal Energy(heat)
TE is the kinetic energy of randomly moving atoms or molecules.
EX: -Boiling water getting hot as molecules move faster.
-A warm stove burner after cooking.
-Your body heat from moving molecules in your cells.
Kinetic Energy
KE is the energy of motion.
A rolling ball
A running person.
A moving car
Potential Energy
PE is stored energy based on an object's position or structure.
Water behind a dam (stored energy due to height)
Chemical bonds in food (stored chemical energy)
EX: A stretched rubber band (stored elastic energy)
Chemical Energy
CE is stored energy released during chemical reactions.
Gasoline in a car
ATP storing energy in its bonds
EX: Food molecules (like glucose)
Notes:
Catabolic = "Downhill" (release energy)
Anabolic = "uphill" (requires energy)
This is how they both work together -> Energy is released from catabolic pathways powers the energy that is using anabolic pathways.
The Free Energy Change of a Reaction
ATP Powers Cellular Work
Stick model of ATP
Def: A model that is showing bonds between atoms
EX: It helps show where the phosphate bonds breaks.
ATP hydrolysis(the breaking of ATP)
Def: ATP + water-> ADP+ Pi + energy released.
Ex: Muscles use ATP hydrolysis to contact.
Notes:
The energy of ATP comes from the chemical change, not the bond itself.
ATP releases a lot of energy because:
Phosphate repel each other.
Tail acts like a compressed spring.
Space -filling model of ATP
Def: A 3D model showing how atoms pack tightly.
EX: shows phosphates crowded together.
Three types of cellular work powered by ATP
Mechanical work
Def: ATP powers movement.
EX: Muscles contraction.
Transport Work
Def: ATP moves molecules across membranes.
EX: Sodium- potassium pump
Chemical Work
Def: ATP powers building reactions
EX: Making proteins.
ATP structure
Def: ATP= adenine + ribose + three phosphates.
EX: Cells use ATP as their main energy source.
Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions
Enzymes(topically protein):
Proteins that speed reactions.
EX: Sucrase.
Spontaneous Reaction
Def: it happens on its own but it's also slow.
EX: Sucrose can breaks down in years.
Catalyst:
Speeds reaction, not used up
EX: sucrase.
Activation Energy:
Energy that is needed to start a reaction
EX: Heat gives EA.
Transition State.
Unstable high-energy state
EX: Sucrose before splitting
Enzyme's job is->
and the example is this-> sucrase can make the reactions fast.
to lower the EA.
Why not heat
the heat can damage the proteins
EX: enzymes denature
Substrate:
molecule enzymes acts on
ex: sucrose
Active Site:
Pocket where substate binds.
Ex: Sucrase active site
Evolution of Enzymes
Mutations improved enzyme function.
Specificity
One enzyme → one substrate.
Enzyme Efficiency
Enzymes reused.
Catalysis in Active Site
Weak bonds hold substrate; product released fast.
Notes: -Metabolism :green_apple: -> Break +Build Catabolism breaks for energy.
Anabolism builds using energy.
Notes: Free Energy :fire:(|\G): Negative = releases, Positive = needs. |G <0-> exergonic.
|G >0-> endergonic.