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Respiratory System Sariah Lozano Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Sariah Lozano Period 3
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
The main function of the respiratory system supplying the body with O2 for respiration and disposing of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system and the circulatory system work closely together. Both combined involve four processes:
1. Pulmonary System
/ventilation: breathing; moevement of air in and out of lungs
2. Exteneral repiration
: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
3. Transport
: transportation of O2 and CO2 in blood
4. Internal Repsiration
: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Nose
-
Function
: provides airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, serves as resonation chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
-Divided into two sections:
external nose
and
nasal cavity
External nose: root(between eyebrows), bridge, dorsum nasi, apex, nostrils
Nasal Cavity: divided by nasal septum
Nasal vestibule: lined with
vibrissae
(hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
Nasal Conchae: scroll like, mucosa covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall. Shape helps to increase muscuoal area and to enhance air turbulence. Filters, heats, and moistens air
Paranasal sinuses
air cavities within frontal,spenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that form ring around nasal cavities
-
function:
lightens skull, secrete mucus, helps warm and moisten air
Pharynx
funnel shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra
-connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx: air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
-soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Oropharynx: passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx: passageway for food and air
Lower Respirator Structures and Functions
Larynx
: voice box, passageway for air moving from larynxgophrarynx to trachea
-
functions
: provides perfect airway, routes air and food into proper channels, and voice production
Thyroid cartilage: large, shield shaped cartilage that resembles book; spine=laryngeal prominance
Cricoid Cartilage: ring shaped, paired arytenoid cartilages, paired cuneiform cartilages, and paired cornicluate cartilages
Epiglottis: flap of cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Vocal folds:
-vocal ligaments: form cone of vocal folds and true vocal cords
-glottis: opening between vocal folds
-vestibular folds(false vocal cords): superior to vocal folds (no part in sound production, help close glottis during production)
Trachea
(windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum where it divides into two main bronchi. Three layers:
Mucosa
(ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium with goblet cells),
Submucosa
(connective tissue with seromusous glands that help produces mucus sheets within trachea),
Adventition
(outermost layer made of connective tissue. Then there is Carina which is the last tracheal cartilage that expands and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
bronchi and branches
: air passages undergo 23 orders of branching, branching referred to as bronchial tree from tips of bronchial tree: conduction zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures
Conducting Zone Structures
give rise to respiratory zone structures. Trachea into right and left mainn (primary ) branch, each branch enters hilum of one lung, branches into lober (secondary) bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left) each lober branches into segnatal bronchi, which become smaller and smaller (
bronchioles
and terminla bronchioles)
Respiratory zone structures
begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles into alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs. Site of actual gas exchange
Two Zones
-
Respiratory Zone
: site of gas exchange (microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)
-
Conduction Zone
: condiuts that transport gas to and from pas exchange sites. Cleanses, warms , and humidifies air (includes all other respiratory structures)
Respiratory Membrane
blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along their fused basement membranes. Aloow gas exchange across membranes by simple diffusion, Alveolar secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
Layers of the Pleurae
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal Pleura:
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart and between lungs
Viseral Pleura:
membrane of external lung surface
Pleural Fluid
: lubricates space between the pleura, fills pleural cavity. Assits in explanison and recoil of lungs
Comparing and Contrasting the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
is the
active process
of gases flowing into the lungs. involving
inspiration muscles
(diaphragm and external inrercostals.) The diaphragm--dome shaped--contracts, moves inferiorly, and flattens out. The intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is lifted up and out. Both result in increased thoracic volume. Because of the increased thoracic cavity volume, the lungs stretch as they are pulled out with the thoracic cage. This causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop as volume and pressure are inversely proportional. The difference between atmospheric nd intrapulmonary pressur causes air flow into lungs down it's pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm during the same period Pip lowers to less than Patm.
Expiration:
is the
passive process
of gases existing the lungs. The inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases and the intrapulmonary pressure (ppul) increases. Ppul is more than Patm so air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul is equal to Patm.
Forced (deep) inspirations
occur duirng vigorous excessive or in people with COPD accessory muscles are also activated scalenes, sternocleidomastor and pectoralis minor act to further increase thoracic cage size creating a larger pressure gradient so more air is drawn in
Forced Expiration:
an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as well as internal intercostal muscles
Nonrespiratory air movements
: many processes can move air into and out of of lungs besides breathing, may modify normal respiratory thytm, most result from reflex action some are voluntary (e.g. coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning
Volume and Pressure relationship in Thoracic Cavity
Atmospheric Pressure(Patm)
experted by air surrounding the body (760 mmHg at sea level = 1 atmoshpere
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
pressure in alveoli (intra-alveolar pressure); fluctuates with breathing and always evenutally equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary Pressure (Ppul-Pip)
pressure that keeps lung space open (keeps lungs from collapsing)
Intrapleural (Pip)
pressure in pleural cavity; fluctuates with breathing and is always a negative pressure (less than Patm and less than Ppul)
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV)
amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath (~500 ml)
Insipiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200ml) (big breath)
Residual Volume (RV)
amount of air that always remains in lungs (needed to keep alveoli open)
Respiratory Capacities
Inspiratorry capacity (IC)
sum of TV+IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
sum of RV+ERV
Vital Capacity (VC)
sum of TV+IRV+ERV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
sum of all lung volume (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
Internal vs. External Respiration
Internal Respiration
diffusion for gases between blood and tissues both processes subjected to: basic properties of gasees compostoin of alveolar gas, involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
External Respiration
diffusion of gases between blood lungs, involves the exchange between of )2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes.
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities:
steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs venous blood Po2= 40mmHg alveolar equilibrium is reached across respiratory membrane in ~0.25 seconds but it takes RBCs ~0.75 seconds to travel from start to end of pulmonary capillary ensures adequate oxygenation even if blood flow increases 3X
Disorders of the Respiratory System
COPD
chronic obstructure pulmonary disorder
Causes
-asthmatic bronchitis
-tabacco smoke
-dust exposure
Symptoms
-chronic cough
-shortness of breath
-wheezing
Treatments
-smoking cessation
-medication
-bronchodilators
Tuberculosis
bacterial infection in the respiratory system causes by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes
-contagious, inhaled
-weakened immune systems
-drug and alcohol abuse
Symptoms
-latant TB: asymptomatic
-weight loss and night sweats
-fever, fatigue
Treatments
-long term antibiotics
-surgery
-medication
Pneumonia
Bacterial viral infection of lungs
Caues
-bacteral infection
-viral infection
-aspiration
Symptoms
-fever
-shortnessof breath
-chillls
Treatment
-OTC medication
-anitbiotics
-oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs
Causes
-smoking (90% of cases)
-2nd hand smoke
-asbestos exposure
Symptoms
-chest pain
-Shortness of breath
-chronic infections
-persistant cough
Treatment
-Radiation
-Chemotherapy
-Surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
viral infection; many variations and changes rapidly year to year
Causes
-inhaled in respiratory
-droplets
-age
Sympotms
-dry cough
-fatigue
-congestion
Treatments
-early vacinatiion
-OTC medication
-Antiviral medication